{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:29:21Z","timestamp":1792042161366,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Privada Diabetes Endocrinologia Y Metabolisme: Fundacion Diabem"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research, Hospital de Sant Pau-Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011104","name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The introduction of hormonal treatment in severe diabetes in 1922 represented a clinical and social impact similar to that of antibiotic therapy. In October 1923, the Assembly of the Karolinska Institute decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to the Canadian Frederick Grant Banting and the Scottish John James Rickard Macleod, researchers at the University of Toronto (UT), for \"the discovery of insulin a year before\". A few weeks later, European and American researchers protested the decision. The controversy remains to this day.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We have conducted a comprehensive review of primary and critical sources focused on the\norganotherapy of animal and human diabetes mellitus since 1889, when Oskar Minkowski demonstrated the induction of experimental diabetes by total pancreatectomy in the dog, until the spring of 1923, when the Nobel Foundation had already received all the nominations for the award in Physiology or Medicine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The in-depth analysis of all these sources revealed that Europe was the cradle of the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone. The discovery involved multiple research steps headed by a long list of key investigators, mainly European.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Marcel Eug\u00e8ne \u00c9mile Gley was the first to demonstrate the presence of the \u201cantidiabetic principle\u201d in extracts from \u201csclerosed\u201d pancreas. The French physiologist pioneered the successful reduction of glycosuria and diabetic symptoms by the parenteral administration of pancreatic extracts to depancreatized dogs in experiments developed between 1890 and 1905, antedating insulin in two decades.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01976-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T11:33:30Z","timestamp":1665747210000},"page":"1635-1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["I-European research, the cradle of the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone: the pioneer roles and the relevance of Oskar Minkowski and Eug\u00e8ne Gley"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0419-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"de Leiva-Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"de Leiva-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1976_CR1","unstructured":"de Leiva-Hidalgo A (2022) Organotherapy of diabetes mellitus (1889\u20131923). 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Both authors equally contributed to the conception and design of the investigation, data collection and analysis, and shared the contents of previous versions of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and Informed consent"}}]}}