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Gremlin-1 has not yet been investigated in pregnancy, pregnancy-related insulin resistance or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Gremlin-1 levels were measured throughout the pregnancy of 58 women at high risk for GDM at the Medical University of Vienna. Furthermore, an oral glucose tolerance test, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, sex hormones, blood lipids, liver and renal parameters, and markers of bone development were evaluated at two points during pregnancy (&lt;\u200920\u00a0weeks of gestation (GW), GW 24\u201328) and 12\u201314\u00a0weeks postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Gremlin-1 levels decreased from\u2009&lt;\u200920 GW (mean\u2009=\u20099.2\u00a0pg\/ml, SD\u2009=\u20098.4\u00a0pg\/ml) to GW 24\u201328 (mean\u2009=\u20096.7\u00a0pg\/ml, SD\u2009=\u20095.7\u00a0pg\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033) and increased again postpartum, albeit not significantly (mean\u2009=\u200910.7\u00a0pg\/ml, SD\u2009=\u200913.1\u00a0pg\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.339). During pregnancy, Gremlin-1 levels correlated negatively with osteocalcin and procollagen type I aminoterminal propeptide (P1NP), markers of bone health. Concerning glucose metabolism, Gremlin-1 levels were inversely related to the Insulinogenic Index at GW\u2009&lt;\u200920. However, Gremlin-1 levels were not significantly different between women with normal glucose tolerance and GDM during pregnancy. Postpartum, Gremlin-1 was associated with the fatty liver index, osteocalcin levels, diastolic blood pressure and weight.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Gremlin-1 levels decreased significantly during pregnancy. The biomarker is not related to GDM status, but correlates negatively with the Insulinogenic Index, an index related to beta cell function.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial Registry Number<\/jats:italic> ACTRN12616000924459.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02151-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T16:02:06Z","timestamp":1690732926000},"page":"1699-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gremlin-1 in pregnancy and postpartum: relation to the fatty liver index, markers of bone health, glucose metabolism and gestational diabetes mellitus status"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Carola","family":"Deischinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karoline","family":"Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Bancher-Todesca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Baumgartner-Parzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kautzky-Willer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Harreiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2151_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.07.046","volume":"16","author":"K Nolan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Rankin SA, Read RJ, Zorn AM, Thompson TB (2016) Structure of gremlin-2 in complex with GDF5 gives insight into DAN-family-mediated BMP antagonism. 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