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QoL was assessed through the KINDL questionnaire. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and dietary interviews evaluated the degree of maintaining a gluten-free diet (GFD).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that having CD in addition to T1D has little effect on overall QoL. However, analysis of the degree of maintaining GFD revealed significantly lower total QoL scores in groups with T1D\u2009+\u2009CD not strictly maintaining GFD compared to T1D only (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0014). The multivariable linear regression model confirmed the importance of maintaining GFD on QoL in subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0066) and parents (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The coexistence of T1D and CD and the adoption of a GFD resulted in poor QoL levels, as in youth as in their parents, when difficulties implementing the GFD are present. Psychological support should consider the importance of maintaining GFD not only to prevent potential complications in the future but also to improve actual QoL in different subdomains.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02281-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T17:01:34Z","timestamp":1713027694000},"page":"987-995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Maintaining a gluten-free diet is associated with quality of life in youths with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Pertile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Marigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enza","family":"Mozzillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Maffeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Fedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Iafusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Zanfardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Passanisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortunato","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Delvecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Caldarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alda","family":"Troncone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200101000-00012","volume":"32","author":"A Mohn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mohn A, Cerruto M, Iafusco D, Prisco F, Tumini S, Stoppoloni O et al (2001) Celiac disease in children and adolescents with type i diabetes: importance of hypoglycemia. 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