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People with DM were at higher risk for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (unadjusted OR 2.42 [2.00; 2.92]); Case-Fatality Rate (unadjusted OR 1.61 [1.25; 2.07], Pneumococcal pneumonia (unadjusted OR 2.98 [2.76; 3.22), and Intensive care unit admission for pneumococcal disease (unadjusted OR 2.09 [1.20; 3.66]). In diabetic individuals vaccinated with conjugated vaccine, incidence of pneumonia specific for vaccine type in a clinical trial (OR 0.237 [0.008; 0.704]), and hospitalization for overall pneumonia during the year following the polysaccharide vaccination in observational studies (unadjusted OR 0.63 [0.45\u20130.89]) were significantly lower in comparison with unvaccinated DM subjects, with no significant differences for other outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People with diabetes mellitus are at higher risk for less favourable course of pneumococcal disease and should be therefore targeted in vaccination campaigns; more evidence needs to be collected on vaccination outcomes in people with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02282-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T19:01:40Z","timestamp":1714417300000},"page":"1029-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Diabetes as a risk factor for pneumococcal disease and severe related outcomes and efficacy\/effectiveness of vaccination in diabetic population. Results from meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Giovanni Antonio","family":"Silverii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gabutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Tafuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pratesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Clerico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Fornengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Irace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Sordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Pio","family":"Sorice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chantal","family":"Ponziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Mannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8163-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Dicembrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the SID-AMD-SItI Working Group on Diabetes, Vaccines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2282_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500245","volume":"373","author":"S Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG et al (2015) Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults. 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