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However, little is known about the defensin system in the pancreas, especially in relation to Type 1 diabetes. We explore the expression of defensins in different disease stages of Type 1 diabetes and correlated obtained findings to the degree of inflammation, providing new insights into the disease and the innate immune system.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pancreases from non-diabetic human organ donors of different age groups and donors with Type 1 diabetes with different disease duration were examined. Sections from head, body and tail of the pancreas were stained for eight different defensins and for immune cells; CD3+, CD45+, CD68+ and NES+ (granulocytes).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In non-diabetic adult controls the level of expression for defensins Beta-1,Alpha-1, Cathelicidin and REG3A correlated with the level of inflammation. In contrast, individuals with Type\u00a0 1 diabetes exhibit a reduction or absence of several central defensins regardless of the level of inflammation in their pancreas. The expression of Cathelicidin is present in neutrophils and macrophages but not in T-cells in subjects with Type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Obtained findings suggest a pancreatic dysfunction in the innate immune system and the bridging to the adaptive system in Type 1 diabetes. Further studies on the role of the local innate immune system in Type 1 diabetes is needed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02286-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T12:01:46Z","timestamp":1715169706000},"page":"1117-1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reduced expression of central innate defense molecules in pancreatic biopsies from subjects with Type\u00a0 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5489-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angie","family":"Tegehall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Ingvast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Krogvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Dahl-J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olle","family":"Korsgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2286_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01082.x","volume":"245","author":"RI Lehrer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lehrer RI, Lu W (2012) \u03b1-Defensins in human innate immunity. 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All tissue included in the study was procured, stored and analyzed as approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Uppsala (Dnr: 2015\/444). Collection of pancreatic tissue in the DiViD study was approved by the Norwegian Governments Regional Ethics Committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Standard Statement"}}]}}