{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:00:15Z","timestamp":1788836415625,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital research grant","award":["TTMHH-R1130010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTMHH-R1130010"]}]},{"name":"Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital research grant","award":["TTMHH-R1130011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTMHH-R1130011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHW112-TDU-B-212-144004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW112-TDU-B-212-144004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-111-105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-111-105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-112-087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-112-087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-113-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-113-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Evidence showed that SGLT2 inhibitors have greater protective effects against retinal diseases compared to other hypoglycemic agents. Thus, we explore the association between SGLT2 inhibitor usage and macular degeneration (MD) in Taiwanese patients with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The National Health Insurance (NHI) program's claim data are released as the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). This database covers more than 99% of the residents in Taiwan. We included data on patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-9-CM: 250, exclude 250.1x; ICD-10-CM: E11), with an age at diagnosis of over 20\u00a0years as our study population. Patients who received (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor) SGLT2i (ATC code: A10BK) over 90\u00a0days in 2016\u20132019 were defined as the SGLT2i cohort. Conversely, patients who did never received SGLT2i were defined as the non-SGLT2i cohort. The exclusion criteria were having MD before the index date, receiving SGLT2i within 1\u201389\u00a0days, and missing data on sex, age, or days of SGLT2i usage. Two cohorts were matched by 1:1 propensity score matching, which was based on age, sex, payroll bracket grade, urbanization, comorbidities, and medications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared to non-SGLT2i cohort, patients who received SGLT2i had a significantly lower risk of MD (adjusted hazard ratio\u2009=\u20090.70, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.66\u20130.75).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that SGLT2is has a strong protective effect against MD in patients with diabetes. SGLT2is may have benefits beyond glycemic control in patients with DR. However, additional clinical and experimental studies are required.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02303-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1716573741000},"page":"1161-1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and macular degeneration in patients with diabetes: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Min-Yen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Shin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chih","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chien","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu-Lung","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella Chin-Shaw","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng-Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng-Shun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuu-Jen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuang-Hsi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2303_CR1","unstructured":"Holden C, Foster B, Panasewicz S, Mehrotra L. 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JAMA Ophthalmol 139:302\u2013309","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Acta Diabetologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00592-024-02303-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00592-024-02303-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00592-024-02303-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1725613509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00592-024-02303-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-024-02303-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-5233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-5233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The NHIRD secures patient personal data by employing encryption to safeguard privacy. It also provides researchers with anonymous identification numbers that are associated with relevant claims data, including details such as gender, date of birth, medical services, and prescriptions. As a result, patient consent is not required to access the NHIRD for this research project. This research project received approval for exemption from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at China Medical University (Approval Number CMUH109-REC2-031 (CR2)), and the IRB explicitly waived the requirement for informed consent. All the procedures were followed by the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This research project obtained an exemption approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at China Medical University (Approval Number CMUH109-REC2-031 (CR2)), and the IRB explicitly waived the need for consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}