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Pregnancy and post-delivery outcomes were compared between insulin pump users and MDI users. Insulin pump settings during pregnancy and post-delivery were compared to pre-pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 141 women, 39 used non-automated insulin pumps and 102 used MDI. Median diabetes duration was 17 (IQR 12\u201320) vs. 14 (8\u201321) years (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.12). HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 48 (44\u201353) mmol\/mol vs. 47 (42\u201353) at 9 weeks (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.65) and 43 (40\u201346) vs. 43 (39\u201346) at 35 weeks (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.53). Mean sensor glucose decreased from ~\u20097.0 mmol\/l at 9 weeks to 6.3 mmol\/l at 33 weeks in both groups. Preterm delivery (&lt;\u200937 weeks) was more common with insulin pumps (25.9% vs. 16.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), as was caesarean section (59% vs. 40%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), which was independent of diabetes duration, age and microvascular complications. At 1 and 3 months post-delivery, maternal and infant outcomes, including breastfeeding, were similar between groups. In insulin pump users, basal insulin rates were ~\u200937% higher, and carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios\u2009~\u200961% lower at 33 weeks while basal insulin rates were ~\u200920% lower, and carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios were similar 3 months post-delivery, compared to pre-pregnancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite routine use of CGM and similar glycaemic control, non-automated insulin pump users did not achieve improved pregnancy outcomes compared to MDI users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02560-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T19:08:48Z","timestamp":1754334528000},"page":"25-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Treatment with non-automated insulin pumps or multiple daily injections during pregnancy and post-delivery in women with type 1 diabetes: A secondary analysis of the CopenFast trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4548-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrine","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidse K.","family":"N\u00f8rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"N\u00f8rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine D.","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Damm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth R.","family":"Mathiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lene","family":"Ringholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.794214","volume":"26","author":"M Colstrup","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colstrup M, Mathiesen ER, Damm P, Jensen DM, Ringholm L (2013) Pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: have the goals of st. 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K.N. has received funding from Novo Nordisk for an investigator-initiated trial (grant number U1111-1209-6358) with faster acting insulin aspart in insulin pump-treated adults with diabetes, is an advisory board member, for which an honorarium was given to her institution Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen and owns stocks in Novo Nordisk. P.D. has participated in clinical studies on the use of insulin in pregnant women with preexisting diabetes in collaboration with Novo Nordisk, but no personal honorarium was involved. E.R.M. has contracts with Novo Nordisk for the Expect trial and the Evolve trial investigating newer insulin analogs and insulin pump treatment in pregnant women with diabetes, has received fees from Novo Nordisk for lectures, received financial support from Novo Nordisk for traveling to one international scientific meeting in the field of diabetes, and is participating on an advisory board for Novo Nordisk. L.R. has a contract with Novo Nordisk for the CopenFast trial investigating newer insulin analogs in pregnant women with diabetes. K.C. and T.D. declare no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}