{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:31:05Z","timestamp":1769697065258,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Leading Project Foundation of Science and Technology, Fujian Province","award":["2022Y0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Y0010"]}]},{"name":"the Provincial Subsidy Fund for Health and Wellness from Fujian Provincial Department of Finance","award":["BPB-2022YXJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPB-2022YXJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Diabetol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02584-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T09:15:50Z","timestamp":1758186950000},"page":"133-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a risk predictive nomogram for carotid intima-media thickening in patients with type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luni","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runzi","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2584_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","volume":"157","author":"P Saeedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P et al (2019) Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 157:107843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2584_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.1.160","volume":"53","author":"E Ferrannini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferrannini E, Nannipieri M, Williams K et al (2004) Mode of onset of type 2 diabetes from normal or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 53(1):160\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.53.1.160","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2584_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00002934","volume":"44","author":"NJ Morrish","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morrish NJ, Wang SL, Stevens LK et al (2001) Mortality and causes of death in the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia 44(Suppl 2):S14\u2013S21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/PL00002934","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2584_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varga A, Gruber N, Forster T et al (2004) Atherosclerosis of the descending aorta predicts cardiovascular events: a transesophageal echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-7120-2-21","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-2-21"},{"issue":"7","key":"2584_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046361","volume":"142","author":"P Willeit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Willeit P, Tschiderer L, Allara E et al (2020) Carotid intima-media thickness progression as surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of 119 clinical trials involving 100,667 patients. Circulation 142(7):621\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046361","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2584_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O'Leary DH, Polak JF (2002) Intima-media thickness: a tool for atherosclerosis imaging and event prediction. Am J Cardiol 90(10C):18L-21L. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02957-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02957-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"2584_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01725.x","volume":"23","author":"G Brohall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brohall G, Od\u00e9n A, Fagerberg B (2006) Carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Diabet Med 23(6):609\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01725.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2584_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.10.058","volume":"56","author":"HM Ruijter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruijter HM, Peters SA, Anderson TJ et al (2012) Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction: a meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg 56(2):338\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.10.058","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"34","key":"2584_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","volume":"42","author":"FLJ Visseren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM et al (2021) 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 42(34):3227\u20133337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2584_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.GL2022","volume":"31","author":"T Okamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okamura T, Tsukamoto K, Arai H et al.(2024) Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atheroscleroticcardiovascular diseases 2022. J Atheroscler Thromb 31:641-853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5551\/jat.GL2022","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"issue":"6","key":"2584_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2013\/4767.3029","volume":"7","author":"JM George","year":"2013","unstructured":"George JM, Bhat R (2013) The carotid intima media thickness: a predictor of the clinical coronary events. J Clin Diagn Res 7(6):1082-1085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2013\/4767.3029","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2584_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.9.1297","volume":"24","author":"G Howard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G et al (1993) Carotid artery intima-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. Stroke 24(9):1297\u20131304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.24.9.1297","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"2584_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.04.020","volume":"19","author":"MJ Roman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roman MJ, Naqvi TZ, Gardin JM et al (2006) Clinical application of noninvasive vascular ultrasound in cardiovascular risk stratification. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19(8):943\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2006.04.020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2584_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr192","volume":"33","author":"V Nambi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nambi V, Chambless L, He M et al (2012) Common carotid artery intima-media thickness is as good as carotid intima-mediathickness of all carotid artery segments in improving prediction of coronary heart disease risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Eur Heart J 33(2):183-190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr192","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2584_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71116-7","volume":"16","author":"VP Balachandran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balachandran VP, Gonen M, Smith JJ et al(2015) Nomograms in oncology: more than meets the eye. Lancet Oncol 16(4):e173-e180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71116-7","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2584_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131430","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1131430","volume":"14","author":"X Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng X, Ren L, Xiang Y et al (2023) Development and validation of a nomogram for evaluating the incident risk of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol 14:1131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1131430","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2584_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04093-8","volume":"21","author":"K Yun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yun K, He T, Zhen S et al (2023) Development and validation of explainable machine-learning models for carotid atherosclerosis early screening. J Transl Med 21(1):353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04093-8","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2584_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000343145","volume":"34","author":"PJ Touboul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S et al (2012) Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). Cerebrovasc Dis 34:290\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000343145","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2584_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-022-00261-x","volume":"11","author":"V Fern\u00e1ndez-Alvarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Alvarez V, Linares S\u00e1nchez M, L\u00f3pez Alvarez F et al (2022) Evaluation of intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness as early ultrasound biomarkers of carotid artery atherosclerosis. Cardiol Ther 11(2):231\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40119-022-00261-x","journal-title":"Cardiol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2584_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1419","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1419","volume":"6","author":"EO Anto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anto EO, Frimpong J, Boadu WIO et al (2023) Cardiometabolic syndrome among general adult population in Ghana: the role oflipid accumulation product, waist circumference-triglyceride index, and triglycerideglucose index as surrogate indicators. Health Sci Rep 6(7):e1419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1419","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"2584_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93141-y","volume":"15","author":"C De Matteis","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Matteis C, Novielli F, Di Buduo E et al (2025) Atherogenic index of plasma identifies subjects with severe liver steatosis. Sci Rep 15:9136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-93141-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2584_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90818-2","volume":"15","author":"X Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang X, Yan H, Guo R et al (2025) Association between the NHHR and hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: a population-based study. Sci Rep 15:8462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-90818-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2584_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.19538\/j.nk2021080106","volume":"41","author":"Chinese Diabetes Society","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chinese Diabetes Society (2021) Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China (2020 edition) (Part 1). Chin J Pract Intern Med 41(8):668\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19538\/j.nk2021080106","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2584_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698","volume":"162","author":"KGM Moons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moons KGM, Altman DG, Reitsma JB et al (2015) Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 162(1):W1\u2013W73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M14-0698","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2584_CR25","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China (2024) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity (2024 edition). National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/yzygj\/s7659\/202410\/ae3948b3fc9444feb2ecd26fb2daa111.shtml. Accessed 10 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2584_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-022-09592-z","volume":"32","author":"FJB Stoffi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stoffi FJB, Cevolani G, Gnecco G (2022) Simple modelsin complex worlds: Occam\u2019s razor and statistical learning theory. Minds Mach 32:13\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-022-09592-z","journal-title":"Minds Mach"},{"issue":"5","key":"2584_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.01.035","volume":"28","author":"ON Ukweh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ukweh ON, Ekpo EU (2019) Carotid intimamedia thickness and carotid plaque: a pilot study of risk factors in an indigenous Nigerianpopulation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 28(5):1346-1352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.01.035","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2584_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saito M, Miyake Y, Tanaka K etal (2024) Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and carotid intima-media thickness: baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study in Japan. Tob Induc Dis 22:1-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tid\/175632","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/175632"},{"key":"2584_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohansal K, Abdi A, Afaghi S et al (2023) Longitudinal trajectories of lipid parameters and their associations with mid-life carotid intima-media thickness. Eur Heart J 44(Suppl 2):ehad655.2497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.2497","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.2497"},{"issue":"1","key":"2584_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","volume":"41","author":"F Mach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL et al (2020) 2019 ESC\/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 41(1):111\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"S3","key":"2584_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11189","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS3.8601","volume":"6","author":"V Bhardava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhardava V, Shah S, Patel K et al (2022) Correlation between HbA1c and carotid artery intima-media thickening (cIMT) in diabetic patients. Int J Health Sci 6(S3):11189\u201311194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS3.8601","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2584_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171761","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171761","volume":"12","author":"SW Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SW, Kim HC, Lee YH et al (2017) Association between HbA1c and carotid atherosclerosis among elderly Koreans with normal fasting glucose. PLoS ONE 12(2):e0171761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0171761","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2584_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","volume":"41","author":"PJ Grant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grant PJ, Bailey CJ, Delgado V et al (2019) 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 41(2):1\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2584_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R387","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00235.2016","volume":"314","author":"AR Aroor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aroor AR, Jia G, Sowers JR (2018) Cellular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced arterial stiffness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 314(3):R387\u2013R398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00235.2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2584_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020291","volume":"10","author":"IK Kwaifa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwaifa IK, Bahari H, Yong YK et al (2020) Endothelial dysfunction in obesity-induced inflammation: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Biomolecules 10(2):291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10020291","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2584_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun Y, Ji H, Sun W et al (2025) Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: a promising biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. Eur JIntern Med 131:3-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.08.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.08.026"},{"issue":"5","key":"2584_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54050071","volume":"54","author":"J Alizargar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alizargar J, Bai CH (2018) Comparison of carotid ultrasound indices and the triglyceride glucose index in hypertensive and normotensive community-dwelling individuals. Medicina 54(5):71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina54050071","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"2584_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hedblad B, Wikstrand J,Janzon L et al (2001) Low-dose metoprolol CR\/XL and fluvastatin slow progression ofcarotid intima-media thickness. Circulation 103(13):1721-1726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.103.13.1721","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.13.1721"},{"key":"2584_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koga M, Toyoda K, Minematsu K et al (2018) Long-term effect of pravastatin on carotid intima-media complex thickness: The J-STARSEcho Study (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke). Stroke 49(1):107-113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018387","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018387"},{"key":"2584_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03785-5","volume":"85","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Yi M, Wang X et al (2024) Association between triglyceride-glucose index and endothelial dysfunction. Endocrine 85:717\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-024-03785-5","journal-title":"Endocrine"}],"container-title":["Acta Diabetologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02584-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02584-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02584-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:11:57Z","timestamp":1769515917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02584-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02584-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-5233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-5233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. We declare that there are no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influencethe work reported in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (Approval No: MRCTA, ECFAH of FMU [2021]428). This study was approved by an institutional ethics committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized clinical data. Waived due to retrospective design.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}