{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:30:06Z","timestamp":1789259406156,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therapeutic footwear plays an important role in preventing ulceration in people with diabetes. Despite guidelines recommending offloading footwear for individuals at risk of ulceration, limited data are available on the alignment between current industrial practices, clinical expectations, and evidence. This study explored current practices, priorities and challenges associated with diabetic footwear from manufacturers\u2019 and clinicians\u2019 perspectives across Europe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An exploratory cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and October 2025 to gather insights from diabetic footwear manufacturers and clinicians involved in diabetic foot care across Europe. A 26-item questionnaire was developed to explore product design, materials, innovation, and adherence to guidelines among manufacturers. Additionally, a separate 14-item questionnaire for clinicians examined footwear prescription, patient barriers, and industry communication. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, and open-text responses underwent thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine manufacturers and twelve clinicians participated in the survey. While only half of the Manufacturers that completed the survey reported having a research and development department, most reported adopting data-driven design approaches (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) and scientific literature (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097). Offloading, internal volume, and toe protection were the highest-ranking priorities for manufacturers, whereas aesthetics ranked lowest. Clinicians, conversely, prioritised accommodation of deformities, offloading, and comfort, and highlighted poor aesthetics and shoe weight as major limitations to adherence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory study suggests partial alignment between diabetic footwear manufacturers and clinicians on functional and offloading features but highlights gaps in aesthetics, materials, and sustainability. Better collaboration, data-driven innovation, and clearer product specifications could improve user adherence, prescription efficacy, and the preventive role of therapeutic footwear in diabetes care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-026-02669-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:33:55Z","timestamp":1771407235000},"page":"887-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Current strategies and priorities for diabetic footwear design and production: a cross-European exploratory survey of clinicians and shoemakers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Sarlak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8978-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Rogati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3547-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Leardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8994-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Caravaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2669_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMA.2023.10578","volume":"330","author":"DG Armstrong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Armstrong DG, Tan TW, Boulton AJM, Bus SA (2023) Diabetic foot ulcers: A review. JAMA Am Med Association 330:62\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMA.2023.10578","journal-title":"JAMA Am Med Association"},{"key":"2669_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/S11892-011-0195-X\/METRICS","volume":"11","author":"S Akhtar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akhtar S, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, Jude E (2011) A review of the Eurodiale studies: what lessons for diabetic foot care? Curr Diab Rep Springer 11:302\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11892-011-0195-X\/METRICS","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep Springer"},{"key":"2669_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bus SA, Armstrong DG, Crews RT, Gooday C, Jarl G, Kirketerp-Moller K et al (2024) Guidelines on offloading foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; ;40:e3647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3647","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3647"},{"key":"2669_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bus SA (2012) Priorities in offloading the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; ;28:54\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2240","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2240"},{"key":"2669_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3651","author":"SA Bus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bus SA, Sacco ICN, Monteiro-Soares M, Raspovic A, Paton J, Rasmussen A et al (2024) Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3651","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"2669_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219537","volume":"14","author":"M L\u00f3pez-Moral","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Moral M, L\u00e1zaro-Mart\u00ednez JL, Garc\u00eda-Morales E, Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez Y, \u00c1lvaro-Afonso FJ, Molines-Barroso RJ (2019) Clinical efficacy of therapeutic footwear with a rigid rocker sole in the prevention of recurrence in patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic polineuropathy: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE 14:e0219537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219537","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2669_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Busch K, Chantelau E (2003) Effectiveness of a new brand of stock \u2018diabetic\u2019 shoes to protect against diabetic foot ulcer relapse. A prospective cohort study. Diabet Med. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; ;20:665\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1464-5491.2003.01003.X","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1464-5491.2003.01003.X"},{"key":"2669_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.10.1376","volume":"18","author":"L Uccioli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Uccioli L, Faglia E, Monticone G, Favales F, Durola L, Aldeghi A et al (1995) Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 18:1376\u20131378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.18.10.1376","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2669_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cavanagh PR, Bus SA (2010) Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing. J Vasc Surg Elsevier 52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.06.007. :37S-43S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.06.007"},{"key":"2669_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9742665","author":"B Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo B, Cai Y, Chen D, Wang C, Huang H, Chen L et al (2022) Effects of special therapeutic footwear on the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Res [Internet] J Diabetes Res. [cited 2024 Jan 25];2022 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9742665","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res [Internet] J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2669_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13047-020-00400-4\/TABLES\/4","volume":"13","author":"S Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Barwick A, Butterworth P, Nancarrow S (2020) Footwear and insole design features that reduce neuropathic plantar forefoot ulcer risk in people with diabetes: A systematic literature review. J Foot Ankle Res BioMed Cent Ltd 13:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13047-020-00400-4\/TABLES\/4","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res BioMed Cent Ltd"},{"key":"2669_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.10.1714","volume":"21","author":"RG Frykberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frykberg RG, Lavery LA, Pham H, Harvey C, Harkless L, Veves A (1998) Role of neuropathy and high foot pressures in diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 21:1714\u20131719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.21.10.1714","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2669_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Macfarlane DJ, Jensen JL (2003) Factors in Diabetic Footwear Compliance. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Bethesda, MD, USA: The American Podiatric Medical Association; ;93:485\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/87507315-93-6-485","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-93-6-485"},{"key":"2669_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280264","volume":"18","author":"A Malki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malki A, Verkerke GJ, Dekker R, Hijmans JM (2023) Factors influencing the use of therapeutic footwear in persons with diabetes mellitus and loss of protective sensation: A focus group study. PLOS ONE Public Libr Sci 18:e0280264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280264","journal-title":"PLOS ONE Public Libr Sci"},{"key":"2669_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2373","volume":"39","author":"RT Crews","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crews RT, Shen B-J, Campbell L, Lamont PJ, Boulton AJM, Peyrot M et al (2016) Role and determinants of adherence to Off-loading in diabetic foot ulcer healing: A prospective investigation. Diabetes Care 39:1371\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-2373","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2669_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zu\u00f1iga J, Moscoso M, Padilla-Huamantinco PG, Lazo-Porras M, Tenorio-Mucha J, Padilla-Huamantinco W et al (2022) Development of 3D-Printed orthopedic insoles for patients with diabetes and evaluation with electronic pressure sensors. Designs 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/designs6050095","DOI":"10.3390\/designs6050095"},{"key":"2669_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224010","volume":"15","author":"JBJ Zwaferink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zwaferink JBJ, Custers W, Paardekooper I, Berendsen HA, Bus SA (2020) Optimizing footwear for the diabetic foot: Data-driven custom-made footwear concepts and their effect on pressure relief to prevent diabetic foot ulceration. PLOS ONE Public Libr Sci 15:e0224010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0224010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE Public Libr Sci"},{"key":"2669_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2337\/DC10-2206","volume":"34","author":"SA Bus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bus SA, Haspels R, Busch-Westbroek TE (2011) Evaluation and optimization of therapeutic footwear for neuropathic diabetic foot patients using In-Shoe plantar pressure analysis. Diabetes Care Am Diabetes Association 34:1595\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC10-2206","journal-title":"Diabetes Care Am Diabetes Association"},{"key":"2669_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112224","volume":"233","author":"C Ghimouz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghimouz C, Kenn\u00e9 JP, Hof LA (2023) On sustainable design and manufacturing for the footwear industry \u2013 Towards circular manufacturing. Mater Des 233:112224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112224","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"2669_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.023","volume":"74","author":"M Nouman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nouman M, Dissaneewate T, Leelasamran W, Chatpun S (2019) The insole materials influence the plantar pressure distributions in diabetic foot with neuropathy during different walking activities. Gait Posture 74:154\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.023","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2669_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collings R, Freeman J, Latour JM, Paton J (2021) Footwear and insole design features for offloading the diabetic at risk foot\u2014A systematic review and meta-analyses. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; ;4:e00132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/edm2.132","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.132"},{"key":"2669_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang BP, Kurkin A, Kashcheev A, Febriansyah B, Wynn WJK, Goei R et al (2025) Microcellular Foam from Ethylene Vinyl Acetate\/Shear-Stiffening Gel for Advancing Footwear Midsole Development. Macromol Rapid Commun. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; ;46:2401013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/marc.202401013","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202401013"},{"key":"2669_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.08.008","volume":"58","author":"R Reints","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reints R, Hijmans JM, Burgerhof JGM, Postema K, Verkerke GJ (2017) Effects of flexible and rigid rocker profiles on in-shoe pressure. Gait Posture 58:287\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.08.008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2669_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GAITPOST.2021.04.010","volume":"86","author":"JBJ Zwaferink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zwaferink JBJ, Custers W, Paardekooper I, Berendsen HA, Bus SA (2021) Effect of a carbon reinforcement for maximizing shoe outsole bending stiffness on plantar pressure and walking comfort in people with diabetes at high risk of foot ulceration. Gait Posture Gait Posture 86:341\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.GAITPOST.2021.04.010","journal-title":"Gait Posture Gait Posture"},{"key":"2669_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221101632","volume":"17","author":"G Jarl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jarl G, Rusaw DF, Terrill AJ, Barnett CT, Woodruff MA, Lazzarini PA (2023) Personalized offloading treatments for healing plantar diabetic foot ulcers. J Diabetes Sci Technol SAGE Publications Inc 17:99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19322968221101632","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol SAGE Publications Inc"},{"key":"2669_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1330","volume":"36","author":"R Waaijman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waaijman R, Keukenkamp R, de Haart M, Polomski WP, Nollet F, Bus SA (2013) Adherence to wearing prescription Custom-Made footwear in patients with diabetes at high risk for plantar foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 36:1613\u20131618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-1330","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2669_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06323-z","volume":"15","author":"W Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu W, Lu L, Huang L, Long S, Ou L, Yang M et al (2025) Adherence challenges to therapeutic footwear among high risk diabetic foot populations in urban Southwest China. Sci Rep 15:20509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-06323-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2669_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102493","volume":"16","author":"S Racaru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Racaru S, Bolton Saghdaoui L, Roy Choudhury J, Wells M, Davies AH (2022) Offloading treatment in people with diabetic foot disease: A systematic scoping review on adherence to foot offloading. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 16:102493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102493","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"2669_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0295-y","volume":"8","author":"U Alam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alam U, Riley DR, Jugdey RS, Azmi S, Rajbhandari S, D\u2019Ao\u00fbt K et al (2017) Diabetic neuropathy and gait: A review. Diabetes Ther 8:1253\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0295-y","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"2669_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tencer AF, Koepsell TD, Wolf ME, Frankenfeld CL, Buchner DM, Kukull WA et al (2004) Biomechanical Properties of Shoes and Risk of Falls in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; ;52:1840\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52507.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52507.x"},{"key":"2669_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MATURITAS.2019.06.002","volume":"127","author":"AH Jellema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jellema AH, Huysmans T, Hartholt K, van der Cammen TJM (2019) Shoe design for older adults: evidence from a systematic review on the elements of optimal footwear. Maturitas Elsevier 127:64\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MATURITAS.2019.06.002","journal-title":"Maturitas Elsevier"},{"key":"2669_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X20908938","volume":"38","author":"ML Van Rensburg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Rensburg ML, Nkomo SL, Mkhize NM (2020) Life cycle and End-of-Life management options in the footwear industry: A review. Waste Manag Res SAGE Publications Ltd STM 38:599\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734242X20908938","journal-title":"Waste Manag Res SAGE Publications Ltd STM"}],"container-title":["Acta Diabetologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00592-026-02669-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00592-026-02669-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00592-026-02669-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:25:05Z","timestamp":1781634305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00592-026-02669-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-026-02669-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-5233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-5233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Some participants have previous or ongoing academic collaborations with co-authors; however, these relationships did not influence the study design, analysis, or reporting. The authors declare no further conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study conducted surveys of clinicians and manufacturers in the diabetic footwear field, and no health-related or sensitive data was collected. Participation was voluntary, consent was obtained before participation, and responses were anonymised prior to analysis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}