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Outcomes were analyzed using HRs and sHRs (hazard ratios and subdistribution hazard ratios), with HbA1c modelled both categorically and continuously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 157 658 patients with incident AF, DM was present in 23% (n\u2009=\u200935 872). Baseline HbA1c was available in 49% (17 519) of DM patients. DM was associated with increased hazards of all evaluated outcomes. Elevated HbA1c in categorical analyses was associated with progressively increased adjusted HRs and sHRs, with highest ratios seen in HbA1c\u2009&gt;\u200963 mmol\/mol for death (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.45\u20131.68), IS (sHR 1.38 95% CI 1.20\u20131.59), and MI (sHR 1.70 95% CI 1.48\u20131.94), when compared to patients without DM. In continuous analyses, higher HbA1c levels were associated with increasing hazards for mortality, IS, and MI. Bleeding hazards remained stable across the HbA1c spectrum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher baseline HbA1c levels were associated with progressively increased hazards of mortality, IS, and MI in patients with incident AF and DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-026-02725-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1782110047000},"page":"1459-1468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycemic control and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elis","family":"Kouki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6801-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitta","family":"Salmela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7030-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aapo","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"Halminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konsta","family":"Teppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Niskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jari","family":"Haukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jukka","family":"Putaala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7660-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miika","family":"Linna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pirjo","family":"Mustonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0847-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Hartikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0193-568X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. 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