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Hence, early, integrated management of T2D may prevent long-term CV complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the appropriateness of early multifactorial intervention in people with T2D we conducted an online modified Delphi study. The study involved a multidisciplinary panel of 17 Italian experts, ensuring maintenance of study design and rigorous execution throughout the consensus process, in line with the core principles of Delphi studies. Main areas of investigation included: (1) targets of disease control for adults with T2D; (2) early treatment, CV risk assessment, and multi-factorial strategy; (3) unmet needs, including treatment adherence; and (4) public health aspects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consensus was unanimous (100% agreement) regarding T2D management based on the simultaneous control of glycemia, body weight, blood pressure, and lipids through an early multi-factorial approach as well as maintenance of target levels over time. Most panelists agreed on the need for a simplified therapeutic approach (88% agreement), supported by improved availability of appropriate pharmacological treatments and increased adherence (82% agreement).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Italian experts strongly support the adoption of an early, multi-factorial approach to disease management to reduce long-term CV risk. To this end, the need for simplified treatment regimens and improved adherence to therapy emerged as key unmet needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-026-02770-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:15:45Z","timestamp":1786342545000},"page":"1905-1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Modified Delphi consensus on early management of combined cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with type 2 diabetes in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Del Prato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1934-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Galeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Acquaviva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Antonutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Anzaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Bucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Carleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Frison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Gabellieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egidio","family":"Imbalzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo Maria","family":"Monda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola Riccardo","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Pio","family":"Sorice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Squillace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Tizzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Ventricini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Perrone Filardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2770_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01655-5","volume":"400","author":"E Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad E, Lim S, Lamptey R, Webb DR, Davies MJ (2022) Type 2 diabetes. 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Stefano Genovese has received fees for participations in advisory board for Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk and for speaking engagements for Abbott Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Molteni Farmaceutici, Neopharmed Gentili, Novo Nordisk, Recordati. Sanofi and SiBionics. Carlotta Galeone has received fees for participation in advisory board for Eli Lilly. Massimiliano Anzaldi acted as scientific consultant for Eli Lilly S.p.A. Loredana Bucciarelli has received honoraria or lecture\/consultancy fees from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer, Lilly, Abbott, Savio, Guidotti, Dexcom, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. Arturo Cesaro has served as a member of Advisory Boards for Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Chiesi, Sharper, Ultragenyx, and Amarin; he has also received lecture fees from Novo Nordisk and support for attending meetings from Menarini, Daiichi Sankyo, and Novartis. Vera Frison has received, during the last two years, unrestricted educational grants from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Neopharmed, Novo Nordisk. Pasquale Perrone Filardi discloses honoraria for consultancy or lectures from Bayer, Sanofi, Novartis, Menarini, Amgen, Recordati, Domp\u00e8, Servier, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}