{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:51:18Z","timestamp":1793321478349,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Today"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Anorectal fistulas remain one of the most challenging conditions in colorectal surgery and require precise anatomical knowledge for successful management. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current evidence on the anatomical foundations of fistula development and treatment, particularly focusing on the cryptoglandular hypothesis and its clinical implications. A systematic analysis of the recent literature has examined the relationship between anatomical structures and fistula formation, classification systems, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches. The review revealed that anatomical considerations fundamentally influence treatment outcomes, with modern imaging techniques achieving up to 98% accuracy in delineating fistula anatomy. Key findings demonstrate that surgical success rates vary significantly based on anatomical complexity: 92\u201397% for simple fistulas versus 40\u201395% for complex cases using sphincter-sparing techniques. Emerging minimally invasive approaches and regenerative therapies, including mesenchymal stem cells, show promising results with 50\u201360% healing rates in complex cases. Special considerations are needed for complex cases such as Crohn's disease-related and rectovaginal fistulas. This review provides surgeons with an evidence-based framework for selecting optimal treatment strategies based on anatomical considerations, emphasizing the importance of preserving the anal sphincter function while achieving complete fistula eradication. Integrating advanced imaging, surgical techniques, and emerging therapies offers new possibilities for improving patient outcomes. This review aimed to bridge the gap between anatomical knowledge and practical surgical application, enhance clinical decision-making, and improve patient outcomes in anorectal fistula management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-025-02995-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:27:29Z","timestamp":1738326449000},"page":"457-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Understanding the anatomical basis of anorectal fistulas and their surgical management: exploring different types for enhanced precision and safety"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9613-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim M.","family":"Almughamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0196-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir Hassan","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2995_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u0142odarczyk M, W\u0142odarczyk J, Mary\u0144czak K, Wa\u015bniewska-W\u0142odarczyk A, Doboszewska U, Wla\u017a P, et al. Role of Adipose Tissue Hormones in Pathogenesis of Cryptoglandular Anal Fistula. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031501"},{"key":"2995_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54905\/disssi\/v26i121\/ms101e2096","volume":"26","author":"IA Kryvoruchko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kryvoruchko IA, Boyko VV, Sartelli M, Firsyk TM, Antonova MS. Using minimally invasive sphincter-sparing techniques of surgical treatment of transsphincteric anal fistulas: a focus on preserving anal sphincter function. Med Sci. 2022;26:1.","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"2995_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111046","volume":"167","author":"H Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee D, Moon SK, Park SJ, You M-W. Typical MR features and interpretation of perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Eur J Radiol. 2023;167:111046.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04455-w","author":"JHC Arkenbosch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arkenbosch JHC, van Ruler O, de Vries AC, van der Woude CJ, Dwarkasing RS. The role of MRI in perianal fistulizing disease: diagnostic imaging and classification systems to monitor disease activity. Abdom Radiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04455-w.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2019.08.003","volume":"69","author":"Z Mei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mei Z, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Liu P, Ge M, Du P, et al. Risk factors for recurrence after anal fistula surgery: a meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2019;69:153\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02238-1","volume":"24","author":"A Mujukian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mujukian A, Truong A, Fleshner P, Zaghiyan K. Long-term healing after complex anal fistula repair in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24:833\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-020-02238-1.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2024.00325.0046","volume":"40","author":"P Garg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garg P, Bhattacharya K, Yagnik VD, Mahak G. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of complex anal fistula. Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40:321\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3393\/ac.2024.00325.0046.","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-02051-5","volume":"23","author":"C Ratto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ratto C, Grossi U, Litta F, Di Tanna GL, Parello A, De Simone V, et al. Contemporary surgical practice in the management of anal fistula: results from an international survey. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23:729\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02051-5.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-023-02845-8","volume":"27","author":"S Bhat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhat S, Xu W, Varghese C, Dubey N, Wells CI, Harmston C, et al. Efficacy of different surgical treatments for management of anal fistula: a network meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2023;27:827\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-023-02845-8.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji L, Zhang Y, Xu L, Wei J, Weng L, Jiang J. Advances in the Treatment of Anal Fistula: A Mini-Review of Recent Five-Year Clinical Studies. Front Surg. 2021;7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2020.586891"},{"key":"2995_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-024-00661-6","volume":"38","author":"AL Lightner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lightner AL, Irving PM, Lord GM, Betancourt A. Stem Cells and stem cell-derived factors for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with a particular focus on perianal fistulizing disease: a minireview on future perspectives. BioDrugs. 2024;38:527\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40259-024-00661-6.","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2995_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159543","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3159543","volume":"2018","author":"G Luglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luglio G, Cassese G, Amendola A, Rispo A, Maione F, De Palma GD. Novel approaches to ileocolic and perianal fistulising crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2018;2018:3159543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3159543.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"2995_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0170-8","volume":"15","author":"D Rotstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rotstein D, Montalban X. Reaching an evidence-based prognosis for personalized treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:287\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0170-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2995_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14814","volume":"48","author":"PJ Tozer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tozer PJ, Lung P, Lobo AJ, Sebastian S, Brown SR, Hart AL, et al. Review article: pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s perianal fistula\u2014understanding factors impacting on success and failure of treatment strategies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48:260\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.14814.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2995_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-024-01818-2","volume":"76","author":"N Salgado-Nesme","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salgado-Nesme N, Alvarez-Bautista FE, Mongardini FM, Docimo L, Hoyos-Torres A, Ruiz-Mu\u00f1oz EA, et al. LIFT procedure: postoperative outcomes, risk factors for fistula recurrence and continence impairment. Updates Surg. 2024;76:989\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-024-01818-2.","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02385-5","volume":"25","author":"F Litta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Litta F, Parello A, Ferri L, Torrecilla NO, Marra AA, Orefice R, et al. Simple fistula-in-ano: is it all simple? A systematic review. Tech Coloproctol. 2021;25:385\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-020-02385-5.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02235-5","volume":"46","author":"M Flusberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flusberg M, Kobi M, Bahrami S, Glanc P, Palmer S, Chernyak V, et al. Multimodality imaging of pelvic floor anatomy. Abdom Radiol. 2021;46:1302\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02235-5.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feldman EN. Colon and Anorectum BT - Surgical Anatomy and Technique: A Pocket Manual. In: Skandalakis LJ, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 457\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-51313-9_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51313-9_12"},{"key":"2995_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Standring S. The Anatomy of the Large Intestine BT - Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery: Vol.1, Laparoscopic procedures. In: Parker M, Hohenberger W, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 27\u201389.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05240-9_2"},{"key":"2995_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caldaro T. Anorectal Malformations: Anorectal Manometric and Endosonographic Combined Approach BT - Ano-Rectal Endosonography and Manometry in Paediatrics. In: Lima M, Ruggeri G, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2022. p. 85\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-97668-2_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97668-2_8"},{"key":"2995_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1417","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1922-6500","volume":"10","author":"HH Okasha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okasha HH, Pawlak KM, Abou-elmagd A, El-Meligui A, Atalla H, Othman MO, et al. Practical approach to linear endoscopic ultrasound examination of the rectum and anal canal. Endosc Int Open. 2022;10:E1417\u201326.","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"2995_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Catania VD, Randi B, Di Salvo N, Lima M. Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor and the Anorectum BT - Ano-Rectal Endosonography and Manometry in Paediatrics. In: Lima M, Ruggeri G, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2022. p. 11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-97668-2_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97668-2_3"},{"key":"2995_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030006052098666","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520986669","volume":"49","author":"M W\u0142odarczyk","year":"2021","unstructured":"W\u0142odarczyk M, W\u0142odarczyk J, Sobolewska-W\u0142odarczyk A, Trzci\u0144ski R, Dziki \u0141, Fichna J. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of cryptoglandular perianal fistula. J Int Med Res. 2021;49:0300060520986669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060520986669.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2995_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6670","volume":"349","author":"R Kalla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalla R, Ventham NT, Satsangi J, Arnott IDR. Crohn\u2019s disease. BMJ. Br Med J. 2014;349: g6670.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2995_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.168","volume":"104","author":"GR Lichtenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Gastroenterology TPPC of the AC of Management of Crohn\u2019s Disease in Adults. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol. 2009;104:465.","journal-title":"Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2995_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Ouboter LF, Peeters KCMJ, Hawinkels LJAC, Holman F, Pascutti MF, et al. Crohn\u2019s Disease-Associated and Cryptoglandular Fistulas: Differences and Similarities. J. Clin. Med. 2023.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020466"},{"key":"2995_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughan-Shaw PG, Maeda Y. Anorectal Physiology Related to Anal Fistula and Abscess. 2022;25\u201335.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76670-2_3"},{"key":"2995_CR28","volume":"345","author":"JA Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson JA, Banerjea A, Scholefield JH. Management of anal fistula. BMJ Br Med J. 2012;345: e6705.","journal-title":"BMJ Br Med J"},{"key":"2995_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08931-z","volume":"32","author":"N Iqbal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iqbal N, Sackitey C, Gupta A, Tolan D, Plumb A, Godfrey E, et al. The development of a minimum dataset for MRI reporting of anorectal fistula: a multi-disciplinary, expert consensus process. Eur Radiol. 2022;32:8306\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-08931-z.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR30","unstructured":"S\u00f6hne VA. Vilnius university medical faculty the Final thesis Systematic Review of Anorectal Fistula Classifications. 2023;"},{"key":"2995_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.16741","volume":"26","author":"L Reza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reza L, Gottgens K, Kleijnen J, Breukink S, Ambe PC, Aigner F, et al. European Society of Coloproctology: Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cryptoglandular anal fistula. Color Dis. 2024;26:145\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.16741.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rojanasakul A, Tsang CB. Emerging Concepts in Classification of Anal Fistulae BT - Pelvic Floor Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Textbook. In: Santoro GA, Wieczorek AP, Sultan AH, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 995\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-40862-6_80","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40862-6_80"},{"key":"2995_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi R, Gu J. Classification and Diagnosis of Anal Fistula BT - Diagnosis and Treatment of Anal Fistula. In: Shi R, Zheng L, editors. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2021. p. 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_6"},{"key":"2995_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg P. Classification of Anal Fistula and Abscess. 2022;69\u201391.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76670-2_7"},{"key":"2995_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-02093-9","volume":"23","author":"F Litta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Litta F, Parello A, De Simone V, Grossi U, Orefice R, Ratto C. Fistulotomy and primary sphincteroplasty for anal fistula: long-term data on continence and patient satisfaction. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23:993\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02093-9.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14405","volume":"21","author":"X-L Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun X-L, Wen K, Chen Y-H, Xu Z-Z, Wang X-P. Long-term outcomes and quality of life following ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for high transsphincteric fistulas. Color Dis. 2019;21:30\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.14405.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16225","volume":"42","author":"N Akhoundi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akhoundi N, Bozchelouei JK, Abrishami A, Frootan M, Siami A, Alimadadi E, et al. Comparison of MRI and endoanal ultrasound in assessing intersphincteric, transsphincteric, and suprasphincteric perianal fistula. J Ultrasound Med. 2023;42:2057\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.16225.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2995_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-021-02307-5","volume":"406","author":"S Garc\u00eda-Botello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Botello S, Garc\u00e9s-Albir M, Espi-Mac\u00edas A, Moro-Valdezate D, Pla-Mart\u00ed V, Mart\u00edn-Arevalo J, et al. Sphincter damage during fistulotomy for perianal fistulae and its relationship with faecal incontinence. Langenbeck\u2019s Arch Surg. 2021;406:2497\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00423-021-02307-5.","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.24911\/ejmcr\/2\/18","volume":"2","author":"A Khalloufi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalloufi A, Kassimi I, Elkoundi A, Taki Z, Hassani M, Eddou H. Life-threatening hypercalcemia and primary plasma cell leukemia: a case report of a rare presentation. Eur J Med Case Reports. 2018;2:42\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Case Reports."},{"key":"2995_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237388","volume":"41","author":"A Ky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ky A, Sohn N, Weinstein MA, Korelitz BI. Carcinoma arising in anorectal fistulas of Crohn\u2019s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:992\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02237388.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2995_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81056-3","volume":"11","author":"S Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li S, Wang J. Anorectal malformation with long perineal fistula: one of a special type. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-81056-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2995_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049864","volume":"36","author":"RK Pearl","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pearl RK, Andrews JR, Orsay CP, Weisman RI, Prasad LM, Nelson RL, et al. Role of the seton in the management of anorectal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:5673.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2995_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000002473","volume":"65","author":"WB Gaertner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gaertner WB, Burgess PL, Davids JS, Lightner AL, Shogan BD, Sun MY, et al. The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anorectal abscess, fistula-in-ano, and rectovaginal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022;65:964.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2995_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-23-402","volume":"14","author":"H Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo H, Zhi C, Li X, Shi Y, Cheng Y, Liu N, et al. Two-finger digital rectal examination for the diagnosis of anal fistula: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2023;14:1626.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"2995_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03917-7","volume":"36","author":"M Pescatori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pescatori M. Surgery for anal fistulae: state of the art. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36:2071\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-021-03917-7.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2018.18340","volume":"24","author":"A Konan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konan A, Onur MR, \u00d6zmen MN. The contribution of preoperative MRI to the surgical management of anal fistulas. Diagnostic Interv Radiol. 2018;24:321\u20137.","journal-title":"Diagnostic Interv Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05395-7","volume":"52","author":"S Stafrace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stafrace S, Lobo L, Augdal TA, Avni FE, Bruno C, Damasio MB, et al. Imaging of anorectal malformations: where are we now? Abdominal imaging task force of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology. Pediatr Radiol. 2022;52:1802\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-022-05395-7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53237","volume":"16","author":"S Kummari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kummari S, Burra KG, Reddy VRK, Das S, Ramadugu R, Ramadugu S. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in pre-operative assessment of anorectal fistula with surgical correlation. Cureus. 2024;16: e53237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.53237.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2995_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04300-0","volume":"49","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Chaudhary RK, Shah SS, Kumar D, Nepal P, Ojili V. Current update on the role of endoanal ultrasound: a primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol. 2024;49:2873\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04300-0.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000512652","volume":"38","author":"XC Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung XC, Fahey T, Rogers AC, Pemberton JH, Kavanagh DO. Surgical management of idiopathic perianal fistulas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Surg. 2021;38:104\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000512652.","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28289","volume":"14","author":"A Zahra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zahra A, Malla J, Selvaraj R, Dhanoa RK, Venugopal S, Shoukrie SI, et al. A comparison of different surgical treatments for complex anal fistula: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022;14: e28289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28289.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2995_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.09.009","volume":"56","author":"AA AbouZeid","year":"2021","unstructured":"AbouZeid AA, Bayoumi MM, Abo El-Ela MM. Anorectal anomalies in the female: Highlights on surgical management. J Pediatr Surg. 2021;56:1570\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02247-0","volume":"24","author":"H Gilshtein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gilshtein H, Yellinek S, Maenza J, Wexner SD. Surgical management of colovesical fistulas. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24:851\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-020-02247-0.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voon KKT. Understanding New Ideas in Cryptoglandular Fistula-in-Ano. In: Camilleri-Brennan J, editor. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2021. p. Ch. 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.100027","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100027"},{"key":"2995_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tantiphlachiva K. 7 - Anorectal Abscess and Fistula. In: Coss-Adame E, Remes-Troche JMBT-AD, editors. Academic Press; 2019. p. 81\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815346-8.00007-2"},{"key":"2995_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi R, Liu L. Common Methods of Examination for Anal Fistula BT - Diagnosis and Treatment of Anal Fistula. In: Shi R, Zheng L, editors. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2021. p. 47\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_5"},{"key":"2995_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi R, Zheng L. Surgical Treatment of Anal Fistula BT - Diagnosis and Treatment of Anal Fistula. In: Shi R, Zheng L, editors. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2021. p. 109\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_8"},{"key":"2995_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0307653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307653","volume":"19","author":"M Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang M, Mei Z, Wang Q, Han Y, Zheng D. Evaluating the efficacy of multi-incision and tube-dragging therapy combined with laser closure for high horseshoe-shaped anal fistula: Protocol of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0307653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0307653.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2995_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i33.5460","volume":"27","author":"P Garg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garg P, Kaur B, Yagnik VD, Dawka S, Menon GR. Guidelines on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in patients operated for cryptoglandular anal fistula: Experience from 2404 scans. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27:5460\u201373.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2995_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-014-2104-7","volume":"30","author":"F Cadeddu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cadeddu F, Salis F, Lisi G, Ciangola I, Milito G. Complex anal fistula remains a challenge for colorectal surgeon. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2015;30:595\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-014-2104-7.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-020-04629-9","volume":"36","author":"E Divarci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Divarci E, Ergun O. General complications after surgery for anorectal malformations. Pediatr Surg Int. 2020;36:431\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-020-04629-9.","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2995_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i9.1586","volume":"8","author":"SH Emile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emile SH. Recurrent anal fistulas: When, why, and how to manage? World J Clin Cases. 2020;8:1586\u201391.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2995_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(00)00734-1","volume":"191","author":"PR Shin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shin PR, Foley E, Steers WD. Surgical management of rectourinary fistulae. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;191:547.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrklund K, Pakarinen MP, Koivusalo A, Rintala RJ. Bowel Functional Outcomes in Females With Perineal or Vestibular Fistula Treated With Anterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty: Controlled Results Into Adulthood. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58.","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000239"},{"key":"2995_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairo SB, Gasior A, Rollins MD, Rothstein DH. Challenges in Transition of Care for Patients With Anorectal Malformations: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Comprehensive Care. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61.","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001033"},{"key":"2995_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel JD, Johnson EK, Morris AM, Paquette IM, Saclarides TJ, Feingold DL, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anorectal Abscess, Fistula-in-Ano, and Rectovaginal Fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59.","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000733"},{"key":"2995_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35888","volume":"15","author":"A Charalampopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charalampopoulos A, Papakonstantinou D, Bagias G, Nastos K, Perdikaris M, Papagrigoriadis S. Surgery of simple and complex anal fistulae in adults: a review of the literature for optimal surgical outcomes. Cureus. 2023;15: e35888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.35888.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2995_CR68","unstructured":"Santoro PGA, Infantino A. 6th National Congress of the Italian Society of ColoRectal Surgery Patients First: Quality of Care, Management, Multidisciplinary Approach. Tech. Coloproctol. 2015."},{"key":"2995_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx108","volume":"24","author":"RP Hirten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirten RP, Shah S, Sachar DB, Colombel J-F. The management of intestinal penetrating Crohn\u2019s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24:752\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izx108.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR70","volume":"57","author":"AL Lightner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lightner AL, Ashburn JH, Brar MS, Carvello M, Chandrasinghe P,van Overstraeten A de B, et al. Fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Curr Probl Surg. 2020;57: 100808.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.029","author":"S-Y Wong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong S-Y, Rowan C, Brockmans ED, Law CCY, Giselbrecht E, Ang C, et al. Perianal Fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease-associated anorectal and fistula cancers: systematic review and expert consensus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.029.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2995_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000374","volume":"58","author":"A-ME Sirany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sirany A-ME, Nygaard RM, Morken JJ. The ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract procedure for anal fistula: a mixed bag of results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58:604.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2995_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8816737","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8816737","volume":"2020","author":"F Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng F, Huang Z, Li Z. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of complex perianal fistulas: a meta-analysis. Stem Cells Int. 2020;2020:8816737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8816737.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"2995_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.038","volume":"149","author":"D Garcia-Olmo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia-Olmo D, Schwartz DA. Cumulative evidence that mesenchymal stem cells promote healing of perianal fistulas of patients with crohn\u2019s disease-going from bench to bedside. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:853\u20137.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2995_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2016.095","volume":"28","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wei Y-Q, Deng H. Mesenchymal stem cells to treat crohn\u2019s disease with fistula. Hum Gene Ther. 2017;28:534\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hum.2016.095.","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"2995_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314918","volume":"67","author":"PG Kotze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kotze PG, Shen B, Lightner A, Yamamoto T, Spinelli A, Ghosh S, et al. Modern management of perianal fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease: future directions. Gut. 2018;67:1181.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2995_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke CA, Park JE, Grisales T. Rectovaginal Fistula. Female Genitourin Pelvic Floor Reconstr. 2023;1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71112-2_46-1"},{"key":"2995_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi R, Liu F. Diagnosis and Treatment of Special Anal Fistula BT - Diagnosis and Treatment of Anal Fistula. In: Shi R, Zheng L, editors. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2021. p. 181\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5804-4_10"},{"key":"2995_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.12.005","volume":"25","author":"A Lambertz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lambertz A, L\u00fcken B, Ulmer TF, B\u00f6hm G, Neumann UP, Klink CD, et al. Influence of diversion stoma on surgical outcome and recurrence rates in patients with rectovaginal fistula \u2013 A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2016;25:114\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostov S, Slavchev S, Dzhenkov D, Mitev D, Yordanov A. Avascular Spaces of the Female Pelvis\u2014Clinical Applications in Obstetrics and Gynecology. J. Clin. Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051460"},{"key":"2995_CR81","volume-title":"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis","author":"MA Siccardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siccardi MA, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis. Perineal Body. San Paolo Hospital Savona: StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"2995_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i31.4320","volume":"25","author":"K-S Ng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ng K-S, Gonsalves SJ, Sagar PM. Ileal-anal pouches: A review of its history, indications, and complications. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:4320\u201342.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2995_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murray ACA, Kiran RP. Anorectal Anatomy and Applied Anatomy BT - Anorectal Disease: Contemporary Management. In: Zutshi M, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 3\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23147-1_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23147-1_1"},{"key":"2995_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.04.016","volume":"55","author":"B Pessia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pessia B, Romano L, Giuliani A, Lazzarin G, Carlei F, Schietroma M. Squamous cell anal cancer: Management and therapeutic options. Ann Med Surg. 2020;55:36\u201346.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-021-00375-y","volume":"16","author":"F Coccolini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coccolini F, Improta M, Cicuttin E, Catena F, Sartelli M, Bova R, et al. Surgical site infection prevention and management in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review of the literature. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00375-y.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hernandez SE, Etchill EW, Zuckerbraun BS. The Immunosuppressed Patient BT - Complications in Acute Care Surgery: The Management of Difficult Clinical Scenarios. In: Diaz JJ, Efron DT, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 267\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42376-0_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42376-0_22"},{"key":"2995_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santoro GA, Magbojos CRS, Maconi G, Sudo\u0142-Szopi\u0144ska I. Ultrasonographic Assessment of Anorectal Fistulae BT - Pelvic Floor Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Textbook. In: Santoro GA, Wieczorek AP, Sultan AH, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 1003\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-40862-6_81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40862-6_81"},{"key":"2995_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13108","volume":"17","author":"J-H Ding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding J-H, Bi L-X, Zhao K, Feng Y-Y, Zhu J, Zhang B, et al. Impact of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound on the outcome of anal fistula surgery: a prospective cohort study. Color Dis. 2015;17:1104\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.13108.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13580","volume":"19","author":"M Ko\u0142odziejczak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ko\u0142odziejczak M, Santoro GA, Obcowska A, Lorenc Z, Ma\u0144czak M, Sudo\u0142-Szopi\u0144ska I. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound is accurate and reproducible in determining type and height of anal fistulas. Color Dis. 2017;19:378\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.13580.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03661-8","volume":"47","author":"J Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao J, Lu F, Wang Q, Lu H, Liu M, Zhang Z, et al. Comparison of contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1\u20133D-VIBE and T1-TSE MRI in evaluating anal fistula. Abdom Radiol. 2022;47:3688\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-022-03661-8.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"2995_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.08.582","volume":"46","author":"P Garg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garg P, Singh P. Video-Assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) in Cryptoglandular fistula-in-ano: A systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017;46:85\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5905-2","volume":"32","author":"SH Emile","year":"2018","unstructured":"Emile SH, Elfeki H, Shalaby M, Sakr A. A Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT). Surg Endosc. 2018;32:2084\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-017-5905-2.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2995_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-022-02644-7","volume":"26","author":"TC Sluckin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sluckin TC, Gispen WH, Jongenotter J, Hazen SJA, Smeets S, van der Bilt JDW, et al. Treatment of cryptoglandular fistulas with the fistula tract laser closure (FiLaC\u2122) method in comparison with standard methods: first results of a multicenter retrospective comparative study in the Netherlands. Tech Coloproctol. 2022;26:797\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-022-02644-7.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-015-1282-9","volume":"19","author":"P Giamundo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giamundo P, Esercizio L, Geraci M, Tibaldi L, Valente M. Fistula-tract Laser Closure (FiLaC\u2122): long-term results and new operative strategies. Tech Coloproctol. 2015;19:449\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-015-1282-9.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02165-1","volume":"24","author":"H Elfeki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elfeki H, Shalaby M, Emile SH, Sakr A, Mikael M, Lundby L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of fistula laser closure. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24:265\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-020-02165-1.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2995_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i29.4198","volume":"26","author":"F Cereatti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cereatti F, Grassia R, Drago A, Conti CB, Donatelli G. Endoscopic management of gastrointestinal leaks and fistulae: What option do we have? World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26:4198\u2013217.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2995_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12141","volume":"3","author":"R Ciccocioppo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciccocioppo R, Klersy C, Leffler DA, Rogers R, Bennett D, Corazza GR. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Safety and efficacy of local injections of mesenchymal stem cells in perianal fistulas. JGH Open. 2019;3:249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgh3.12141.","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"2995_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03331-6","volume":"14","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang H, Jiang HY, Zhang YX, Jin HY, Fei BY, Jiang JL. Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for perianal fistulas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13287-023-03331-6.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2995_CR99","volume":"28","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun Y, Juncos Bombin AD, Boyd P, Dunne N, McCarthy HO. Application of 3D printing & 3D bioprinting for promoting cutaneous wound regeneration. Bioprinting. 2022;28: e00230.","journal-title":"Bioprinting"},{"key":"2995_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10671","volume":"9","author":"S Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei S, Zhang Y, Luo F, Duan K, Li M, Lv G. Tissue-engineered tracheal implants: Advancements, challenges, and clinical considerations. Bioeng Transl Med. 2024;9: e10671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/btm2.10671.","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"2995_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab230","volume":"27","author":"G Honig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Honig G, Larkin PB, Heller C, Hurtado-Lorenzo A. Research-based product innovation to address critical unmet needs of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27:S1-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izab230.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2995_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-024-04050-9","author":"VD Yagnik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yagnik VD, Kumar S, Thakur A, Bhattacharya K, Dawka S, Garg P. Recent advances in the understanding and management of anal fistula from India. Indian J Surg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12262-024-04050-9.","journal-title":"Indian J Surg"},{"key":"2995_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-024-01524-2","volume":"43","author":"J Devi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Devi J, Ballard DH, Aswani-Omprakash T, Parian AM, Deepak P. Perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease: Current perspectives on diagnosis, monitoring and management with a focus on emerging therapies. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2024;43:48\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-024-01524-2.","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2995_CR104","first-page":"30","volume":"3","author":"CTB Choudhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhury CTB, Al Mamun M, Shahadat M. Relative comparisons in surgical outcomes of fistulectomy and fistulotomy in low variety perianal fistula. Public Health. 2023;3:30\u201343.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2995_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000776","author":"Y An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An Y, Gao J, Xu J, Qi W, Wang L, Tian M. Efficacy and safety of 13 surgical techniques for the treatment of complex anal fistula, non-Crohn CAF: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000776.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"}],"container-title":["Surgery Today"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00595-025-02995-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00595-025-02995-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00595-025-02995-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T20:20:44Z","timestamp":1742674844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00595-025-02995-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00595-025-02995-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-1291","1436-2813"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-1291","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-2813","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}