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The resulting three kinds of modified c-SPEs (GNP-SPE, CB-SPE and GNSP-SPE) were electrochemically and microscopically characterized and compared with standardized c-SPEs after pretreatment with phosphate buffer by pre-anodization (pre-SPE). The results show outstanding electrochemical performance of the carbon black-modified SPEs which show low transient current, low capacitance and good porosity. A competitive chronoamperometric immunoassay for the shellfish toxin domoic acid (DA) is described. The performances of the CB-SPE, GNP-SPE and pre-SPE were compared. Hapten-functionalized magnetic beads were used to avoid individual c-SPE functionalization with antibody while enhancing\u00a0the signal by creating optimum surface proximity for electron transfer reactions. This comparison shows that the CB-SPE biosensor operated\u00a0best at a potential near \u2212\u200950\u00a0mV (vs. Ag\/AgCl) and enables DA to be determined with a detection limit that is tenfold lower compared to\u00a0pre-SPE (4 vs. 0.4\u00a0ng\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). These results show very good agreement with HPLC data when analysing contaminated scallops, and the LOD is 0.7\u00a0mg\u00a0DA\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of shellfish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-4150-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T16:07:15Z","timestamp":1581523635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The benefits of carbon black, gold and magnetic nanomaterials for point-of-harvest electrochemical quantification of domoic acid"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6675-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost L.D.","family":"Nelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Migliorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safiye","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Generelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Lou-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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