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PdNCs, measured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, showed a round shape and a diameter of 2.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u00a0nm. It was found that each PdNC contains 550 Pd atoms on average. These PdNCs offer  high amplification as a label of biochemical reactions when inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used as a detector. In addition, PdNCs have catalytic activity on electrochemical reactions, allowing detection by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). As a proof of applicability, a competitive immunoassay based on PdNC labels was developed for the determination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human serum, comparing ICP-MS and LSV detection. GFAP is a biomarker for differentiating between patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). The limit of detection (LoD), corresponding to IC<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (4-parameter logistic curve), was 0.03\u00a0pM of GFAP, both by ICP-MS and LSV, being lower than the 0.31\u00a0pM LoD provided by the ELISA commercial kit. Using the error profile method, 0.03\u00a0pM and 0.11\u00a0pM LoDs were obtained respectively by ICP-MS and LSV: LoD is lower by ICP-MS due to the better precision of the measurements. The analyses of human serum samples from IS, HS, and control (CT) donors using PdNC labels and detection by ICP-MS and LSV were validated with a commercial ELISA kit (for CT donors only ICP-MS provided enough sensitivity). Results point out toward the future use of PdNCs as a label in other immunoprobes for the determination of specific proteins requiring very low LoDs as well as the development of electrochemical decentralized methodologies.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-06059-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T10:02:22Z","timestamp":1701338542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Palladium nanoclusters as a label to determine GFAP in human serum from donors with stroke by bimodal detection: inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and linear sweep voltammetry"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Penedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Costa-Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Benavente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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She declares it has not influenced the work reported in this paper. The rest of the authors declare no competing financial interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"493"}}