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For the construction of the biosensor, chitosan and Nafion layers were integrated by using a spin coating procedure, leading to less porous surfaces in comparison with those recorded after a\u00a0drop casting procedure. The analytical performance of the resulting biosensor for lactate determination was evaluated in batch and flow regime, displaying satisfactory results in both modes ranging from 0.5 to 20\u00a0mM concentration range for assessing the lactic acidosis. Finally, the lactate levels in raw serum samples were estimated using the biosensor developed and verified with a\u00a0blood gas analyzer. Based on these results, the biosensor developed is promising for its use in healthcare environment, after its proper miniaturization. A pH probe based on common polyaniline-based electrochemical sensor was also developed to assist the biosensor for the lactic acidosis monitoring, leading to excellent results in stock solutions ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 mM\u00a0and raw plasma samples. The results were confirmed by using two different approaches, blood gas analyzer and pH-meter. 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In all of them, the resolution stated that the aforementioned projects, involving human samples, are viable, that they present sufficient methodological rigor, that the evaluation of economic costs are correct, and that with respect to the ethical aspects, the projects meet the necessary requirements of suitability of the protocol in relation to the objectives of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"526"}}