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The research presented involved a non-invasive methodology using urine samples. Specifically, the study utilized a healthy urine sample provided by the author to spike tuberculosis (TB) lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen, which was essential for evaluating the assay\u2019s performance. Since the study involved only non-invasive procedures and utilized de-identified samples that did not involve any patient intervention or exposure, it did not require formal ethical approval. The sample used was from a healthy donor (the author), and no patient-specific data or invasive procedures were involved.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"As the study involved only non-invasive procedures and utilized a healthy urine sample from the author, formal consent to participate was not required. The sample used was provided voluntarily by the author for the purpose of this research, and no patient-specific data or personal identifiers were involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The author provided written consent for their urine sample to be used in this research and for the results to be published. This consent was given with the understanding that the sample would be used solely for the study\u2019s intended purpose and that no personal or identifiable information would be disclosed.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"714"}}