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Upon exposure to UV light, the photoreductive elimination of chloride ions from the CTA-AuCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> complex leads to the reduction of Au ions and the formation of small Au nuclei. After hydration, the Au nuclei are washed away by capillary flow and produce gold nanoparticles by coalescence and aggregation, resulting in a blue-purple coloration on the paper surface. The reaction is initiated by\u00a0 UV light of variable wavelength (from UVA at 254\u00a0nm t\u03bf UVC at 365\u00a0nm) and over a wide range of UV doses (up to 3000\u00a0mJ\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for UVB at 312\u00a0nm and UVC at 365\u00a0nm). This versatility allows for its application in monitoring light exposure in germicidal sterilization, UV phototherapy, and as a personal solar UV indicator. The user-friendly paper facilitates both the fabrication and use of the devices, which can be activated on demand by simply wetting the paper surface.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07020-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T05:15:51Z","timestamp":1739855751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hydrochromic paper-based dosimeter for monitoring UV light exposure based on the photochemical formation of gold nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Tatiana G.","family":"Choleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki I.","family":"Karagianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis L.","family":"Giokas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"7020_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108535","volume":"185","author":"X Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang X, Yang T, Yu D et al (2024) Current insights and future perspectives of ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure: friends and foes to the skin and beyond the skin. 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