{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:44:49Z","timestamp":1785300289971,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52303008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52303008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microchim Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07646-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1762004869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preparation of Fe3O4@PMAA-N protein magnetic beads for antibody detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on indirect ELISA smartphone visual strategy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujie","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7646_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000507423","volume":"64","author":"M Ciotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciotti M, Angeletti S, Minieri M (2019) COVID-19 outbreak: an overview. Chemotherapy 64:215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000507423","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"7646_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Terrinoni A, Jiang W-C, Wang C-B, Bernardini SJC (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic 57: 365.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7765\/9781526155429.00016","DOI":"10.7765\/9781526155429.00016"},{"key":"7646_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110446","volume":"129","author":"R Jalandra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalandra R, Yadav AK, Verma D (2020) Strategies and perspectives to develop SARS-CoV-2 detection methods and diagnostics. Biomed Pharmacother 129:110446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110446","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"7646_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.b2000083","volume":"21","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi Y, Wang G, Cai X-p (2020) An overview of COVID-19. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 21:343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1631\/jzus.b2000083","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B"},{"key":"7646_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03402-9","volume":"592","author":"H Tegally","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tegally H, Wilkinson E, Giovanetti M et al (2021) Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa. Nature 592:438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03402-9","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7646_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R et al (2020) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens 323: 1843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3786","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3786"},{"key":"7646_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(21)00214-7","volume":"2","author":"WY Au","year":"2021","unstructured":"Au WY, Cheung PPH (2021) Diagnostic performances of common nucleic acid tests for SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals and clinics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe 2:e704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2666-5247(21)00214-7","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"7646_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010053","volume":"11","author":"CY Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu CY, Chan KG, Yean CY, Ang GYJD (2021) Nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for the detection SARS-CoV-2: an update. Diagnostics 11:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11010053","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"7646_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Zhang M, Jie Z, Tao SJFM (2022) Nucleic acid testing of SARS-CoV-2: A review of current methods, challenges. Prospects 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1074289","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1074289"},{"key":"7646_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19802-w","volume":"11","author":"S Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao S, Gan Y, Wang C et al (2020) Post-lockdown SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening in nearly ten million residents of Wuhan, China. Nat Commun 11:5917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-19802-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"7646_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5538","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27090","volume":"93","author":"SA Mahmoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Ibrahim E et al (2021) Evaluation of six different rapid methods for nucleic acid detection of SARS-COV\u20102 virus. J Med Virol 93:5538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27090","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"7646_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","volume":"26","author":"F Amanat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amanat F, Stadlbauer D, Strohmeier S (2020) A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Nat Med 26:1033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"7646_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.610688","volume":"11","author":"Y Galipeau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galipeau Y, Greig M, Liu G, Driedger M, Langlois M-AJF (2020) Humoral responses and serological assays in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Front Immunol 11:610688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.610688","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"7646_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa120","volume":"66","author":"MS Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang MS, Hock KG, Logsdon NM et al (2020) Clinical performance of two SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays. Clin Chem 66:1055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa120","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"7646_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Theel ES, Slev P, Wheeler S, Couturier MR, Wong SJ, Kadkhoda KJJ (2020) The role of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2: is there one? 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00797-20","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00797-20"},{"key":"7646_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT et al (2020) Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays 38: 1174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.25.20074856","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.25.20074856"},{"key":"7646_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grzelak L, Temmam S, Planchais C et al (2020) A comparison of four serological assays for detecting anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human serum samples from different populations. 12:eabc3103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc3103","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc3103"},{"key":"7646_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30699-x","volume":"20","author":"CF Houlihan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houlihan CF, Beale RJTLID (2020) The complexities of SARS-CoV-2 serology. Lancet Infect Dis 20:1350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30699-x","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7646_CR19","first-page":"203","volume":"22","author":"M Infantino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Infantino M, Damiani A, Gobbi FL et al (2020) Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease: benefits. Limitations Perspect 22:203","journal-title":"Limitations Perspect"},{"key":"7646_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Naik S et al (2021) Serological assays for assessing postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody response 9: e00733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00733-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00733-21"},{"key":"7646_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2020.25.16.2000421","volume":"25","author":"RA Perera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perera RA, Mok CK, Tsang OT et al (2020) Serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), March 2020. Euro Surveill 25:2000421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2020.25.16.2000421","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"7646_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2106","volume":"30","author":"Y Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan Y, Chang L, Wang LJR (2020) Laboratory testing of SARS-CoV, MERS\u2010CoV, and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 (2019\u2010nCoV): current status, challenges, and countermeasures. Rev Med Virol 30:e2106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2106","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"7646_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denac H, Moser C, Tratschin JD, Hofmann MAJJ (1997) An indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using Recombinant nucleocapsid protein as antigen 65: 169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-0934(97)02186-1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-0934(97)02186-1"},{"key":"7646_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.07.018","volume":"202","author":"PF Gerber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gerber PF, Gong Q, Huang Y-W, Wang C, Holtkamp D, Opriessnig TJTVJ (2014) Detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in serum and colostrum by indirect ELISA. Vet J 202:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.07.018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"7646_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(92)90056-j","author":"DW Ho","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ho DW, Field PR, Sj\u00f6gren-Jansson E, Jeansson S, Cunningham ALJJ (1992) Indirect ELISA for the detection of HSV-2 specific IgG and IgM antibodies with glycoprotein G (gG-2). J Virol Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-0934(92)90056-j","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"7646_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-74","volume":"7","author":"RS Kashyap","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kashyap RS, Rajan AN, Ramteke SS (2007) Diagnosis of tuberculosis in an Indian population by an indirect ELISA protocol based on detection of antigen 85 complex: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis (1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-74","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"7646_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.193300","volume":"144","author":"R Narayan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Narayan R, Raja S, Kumar S (2016) A novel indirect ELISA for diagnosis of dengue fever. Indian J Med Res 144:128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-5916.193300","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"7646_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0500-z","volume":"11","author":"F Okda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okda F, Liu X, Singrey A et al (2015) Development of an indirect ELISA, blocking ELISA, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and fluorescent focus neutralization assay for serologic evaluation of exposure to North American strains of Porcine. Epidemic Diarrhea Virus 11:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-015-0500-z","journal-title":"Epidemic Diarrhea Virus"},{"key":"7646_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.04.014","volume":"56","author":"F Gessler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gessler F, Hampe K, Schmidt M, B\u00f6hnel HJD (2006) Immunomagnetic beads assay for the detection of botulinum neurotoxin types C and D. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 56:225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.04.014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"7646_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0193-60","volume":"11","author":"B-I Haukanes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Haukanes B-I, Kvam CJB (1993) Application of magnetic beads in bioassays. Nat Biotechnol 11:60","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"7646_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150190722","volume":"19","author":"GH L\u00fcers","year":"1998","unstructured":"L\u00fcers GH, Hartig R, Mohr H (1998) Immuno-isolation of highly purified peroxisomes using magnetic beads and continuous immunomagnetic sorting. Electrophoresis 19:1205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elps.1150190722","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"7646_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"u T, -I S, Reed, S, Gehring, A, He, Y, Paoli, GJS (2009) Capture of Escherichia coli O157: H7 using immunomagnetic beads of different size and antibody conjugating chemistry. 9:717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s90200717","DOI":"10.3390\/s90200717"},{"key":"7646_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.11.025","volume":"40","author":"Y-K Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y-K, Wang Y-C, Wang H-a, Ji W-H, Sun J-H, Yan Y-XJFC (2014) An immunomagnetic-bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sensitive quantification of Fumonisin B1. Food Control 40:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.11.025","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"7646_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang Z, Zeeshan A et al (2019) Monodisperse Fe3O4 spheres: Large-scale controlled synthesis in the absence of surfactants and chemical kinetic process 62: 1488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40843-019-9466-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-019-9466-x"},{"key":"7646_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wei Y, Gao P et al (2021) Preparation of Fe3O4@ PMAA@ Ni microspheres towards the efficient and selective enrichment of histidine-rich proteins 13: 11166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.0c19734.s001","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c19734.s001"},{"key":"7646_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banik S, Melanthota SK, Arbaaz et al (2021) Recent trends in smartphone-based detection for biomedical applications: a review 413: 2389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-021-03184-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03184-z"},{"issue":"13","key":"7646_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7an00741h","volume":"142","author":"AY Mutlu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mutlu AY, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 V, \u00d6zdemir GK, Bayram A, Horzum N, Solmaz MEJA (2017) Smartphone-based colorimetric detection via machine learning. Analyst 142: 2434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7an00741h","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"7646_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40741h","volume":"12","author":"L Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen L, Hagen JA, Papautsky I (2012) Point-of-care colorimetric detection with a smartphone. Lab Chip 12:4240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2lc40741h","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"7646_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.037","volume":"75","author":"D Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang D, Liu QJB (2016) Biosensors and bioelectronics on smartphone for portable biochemical detection. Biosens Bioelectron 75:273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.037","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"7646_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113909","volume":"200","author":"L Fabiani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fabiani L, Mazzaracchio V, Moscone D (2022) Paper-based immunoassay based on 96-well wax-printed paper plate combined with magnetic beads and colorimetric smartphone-assisted measure for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 200:113909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113909","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"}],"container-title":["Microchimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-025-07646-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00604-025-07646-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-025-07646-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T16:12:25Z","timestamp":1762877545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00604-025-07646-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["7646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-025-07646-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-3672","1436-5073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-3672","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-5073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"785"}}