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Before participation, all parent subjects were provided informed consent. Attending physicians at study sites informed HCU and NICU nurses and neonate parents about the study and offered them an opportunity to meet with a research team to provide research information. The information was presented verbally, aligning with the content of the informed consent form. The fecal sample collection was conducted based on availability.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"148"}}