{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:59:47Z","timestamp":1793336387085,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-NR077205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-NR077205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002631","name":"Gachon University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCU- 202401040001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU- 202401040001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microchim Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-026-08187-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T19:13:42Z","timestamp":1780686822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Swab-based colorimetric determination of tear lactate using lactate oxidase\u2013copper hybrid nanoflowers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Tho Nguyen Hoang","family":"To","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thinh Viet","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"8187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01151-3","volume":"7","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Yang Y, Zhang B, Lin X, Fu X, An Y, Zou Y, Wang JX, Wang Z, Yu T (2022) Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7:305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-01151-3","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"8187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7307-1","volume":"406","author":"L Rassaei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rassaei L, Olthuis W, Tsujimura S, Sudh\u00f6lter EJR, van den Berg A (2014) Lactate biosensors: current status and outlook. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:123\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-013-7307-1","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"8187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376801","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1376801","volume":"15","author":"G Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang G, Hong J, Park S-B (2024) Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review. Front Physiol 15:1376801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1376801","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"8187_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483400","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1483400","volume":"15","author":"T Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang T, Chen L, Kueth G, Shao E, Wang X, Ha T, Williams DL, Li C, Fan M, Yang K (2024) Lactate\u2019s impact on immune cells in sepsis: unraveling the complex interplay. Front Immunol 15:1483400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1483400","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"8187_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115001","volume":"26","author":"N Lenar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lenar N, Paczosa-Bator B (2025) Nanosensors and microsensors for body fluid monitoring: various analyte detection and construction solutions. Int J Mol Sci 26:5001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115001","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"8187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101338","volume":"106","author":"M Gijs","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gijs M, van de Sande N, Bonnet C, Schmeetz J, Fernandes R, Trav\u00e9-Huarte S, Huertas-Bello M, Chiang JCB, Boychev N, Sharma S (2025) A comprehensive scoping review of methodological approaches and clinical applications of tear fluid biomarkers. Prog Retin Eye Res 106:101338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101338","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C116","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00095.2016","volume":"311","author":"S Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li S, Kim E, Bonanno JA (2016) Fluid transport by the cornea endothelium is dependent on buffering lactic acid efflux. Am J Phy -Cell Phy 311(1):C116\u2013C126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00095.2016","journal-title":"Am J Phy -Cell Phy"},{"issue":"1","key":"8187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00297-0","volume":"6","author":"X Wen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wen X, Ng TK, Zhang G, Chen H, Wu Z, Liu Q, Zhang M (2025) Tear lactate improves the evaluation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type-2 diabetes patients. Mol Biomed 6(1):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-025-00297-0","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"key":"8187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2022\/53532.16589","author":"S Dokwal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dokwal S, Arya A, Sachdeva A, Rathi M, Sachdeva S, Prashant P, Arora V, Bhutani J (2022) Tear Lactate Levels as a Surrogate Marker of Oxidative Stress in Myopia: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Diag Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2022\/53532.16589","journal-title":"J Clin Diag Res"},{"key":"8187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoes.2025.101132","volume":"20","author":"H Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang H, Yan S (2025) A comprehensive review of electrochemical lactate biosensors: principles, innovations, and future perspectives. Int J Electrochem Sci 20:101132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijoes.2025.101132","journal-title":"Int J Electrochem Sci"},{"key":"8187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(81)90145-4","volume":"26","author":"NJ Van Haeringen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Van Haeringen NJ (1981) Clinical biochemistry of tears. Surv Ophthalmol 26:84\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0039-6257(81)90145-4","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"8187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.05.061","volume":"270","author":"C-E Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin C-E, Hiraka K, Matloff D, Johns J, Deng A, Sode K, La Belle J (2018) Development toward a novel integrated tear lactate sensor using Schirmer test strip and engineered lactate oxidase. Sens Actuator B 270:525\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2018.05.061","journal-title":"Sens Actuator B"},{"key":"8187_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-025-00204-3","volume":"19","author":"MRR Khan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khan MRR, Park J, Hwang T, Seo J, Lee HS (2025) Non-invasive, non-enzymatic glucose sensor using phenylboronic acid with reversible glucose interaction. BioChip J 19:340\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13206-025-00204-3","journal-title":"BioChip J"},{"key":"8187_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/s25041045","volume":"25","author":"Y Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding Y, Yang L, Wen J, Ma Y, Dai G, Mo F, Wang J (2025) A comprehensive review of advanced lactate biosensor materials, methods, and applications in modern healthcare. Sensors 25:1045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25041045","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"8187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46346","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c06409","volume":"8","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Liu Y, Du X, Gui Y, He J, Xie F, Cai J (2023) Recent advances in design and application of nanomaterials-based colorimetric biosensors for agri-food safety analysis. ACS Omega 8:46346\u201346361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c06409","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"8187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504796","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504796","volume":"37","author":"T Akka\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akka\u015f T, Reshadsedghi M, \u015een M, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 V, Horzum N (2025) The role of artificial intelligence in advancing biosensor technology: past, present, and future perspectives. Adv Mater 37:2504796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202504796","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"8187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01106-6","volume":"19","author":"G Rattu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rattu G, Khansili N, Maurya VK, Krishna PM (2021) Lactate detection sensors for food, clinical and biological applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19:1135\u20131152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10311-020-01106-6","journal-title":"Environ Chem Lett"},{"key":"8187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3834-6","volume":"186","author":"D Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou D, Wang C, Luo J (2019) C3N4 nanosheet-supported Prussian Blue nanoparticles as a peroxidase mimic: colorimetric enzymatic determination of lactate. Microchim Acta 186:735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-019-3834-6","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.03.013","volume":"26","author":"F Qu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qu F, Li T, Yang M (2011) Colorimetric platform for visual detection of cancer biomarker based on intrinsic peroxidase activity of graphene oxide. Biosens Bioelectron 26:3927\u20133931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2011.03.013","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.115271","volume":"218","author":"F Vetr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vetr F (2025) Colorimetric detection platforms based on enzyme-mimetic activities of metal (M)-substituted vanadates (MxVyOz): A review of synthesis, mechanisms, and sensing applications. Microchem J 218:115271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2025.115271","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"8187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111763","volume":"28","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yang Y, Yin Z, Huang L, Wang J (2025) Nanozyme-based wearable biosensors for application in healthcare. iScience 28:111763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111763","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"8187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6290","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35231A","volume":"42","author":"RC Rodrigues","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodrigues RC, Ortiz C, Berenguer-Murcia \u00c1, Torres R, Fern\u00e1ndez-Lafuente R (2013) Modifying enzyme activity and selectivity by immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 42:6290\u20136307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C2CS35231A","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"8187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.80","volume":"7","author":"J Ge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ge J, Lei J, Zare RN (2012) Protein-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. Nat Nanotechnol 7:428\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nnano.2012.80","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"8187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06734-1","volume":"191","author":"Y Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan Y, Xie Z, Cao M, Zhang C, Feng Z, Tian B, Liu Z (2024) Detection of urea in milk by urease-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers combined with portable colorimetric microliter tube. Microchim Acta 191:679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-024-06734-1","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342586","volume":"1306","author":"P Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu P, Sun Q, Gai Z, Yang F, Yan Y (2024) Dual-mode fluorescence and colorimetric smartphone-based sensing platform with oxidation-induced self-assembled nanoflowers for sarcosine detection. Anal Chim Acta 1306:342586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342586","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"8187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7910","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02056","volume":"69","author":"J Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han J, Feng H, Wu J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Wang L, Luo P, Wang Y (2021) Construction of multienzyme co-immobilized hybrid nanoflowers for efficient conversion of cellulose into glucose in a cascade reaction. J Agric Food Chem 69:7910\u20137921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02056","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"8187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR04425D","volume":"6","author":"J Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun J, Ge J, Liu W, Lan M, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang Y, Niu Z (2014) Multi-enzyme co-embedded organic\u2013inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: synthesis and application as a colorimetric sensor. Nanoscale 6(1):255\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C3NR04425D","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"1","key":"8187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010366","volume":"23","author":"XA Le","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le XA, Le TN, Kim MI (2021) Dual-functional peroxidase-copper phosphate hybrid nanoflowers for sensitive detection of biological thiols. Int J Mol Sci 23(1):366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010366","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"8187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-06070-w","volume":"190","author":"TV Dang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dang TV, Kim JM, Kim MI (2023) Ficin-copper hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of biothiols. Microchim Acta 190(12):473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-023-06070-w","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"issue":"17","key":"8187_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5658","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR00958E","volume":"9","author":"X Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu X, Huang J, Liu J, Zhang H, Jiang J, Yu R (2017) A dual enzyme\u2013inorganic hybrid nanoflower incorporated microfluidic paper-based analytic device (\u00b5PAD) biosensor for sensitive visualized detection of glucose. Nanoscale 9(17):5658\u20135663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7NR00958E","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"5","key":"8187_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.11.003","volume":"151","author":"M Nakatsukasa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakatsukasa M, Sotozono C, Shimbo K, Ono N, Miyano H, Okano A, Hamuro J, Kinoshita S (2011) Amino acid profiles in human tear fluids analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Am J Oph 151(5):799\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.11.003","journal-title":"Am J Oph"},{"issue":"19","key":"8187_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11488","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00290","volume":"123","author":"H Seo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seo H, Chung WG, Kwon YW, Kim S, Hong YM, Park W, Kim E, Lee J, Lee S, Kim M, Lim K, Jeong I, Song H, Park JU (2023) Smart contact lenses as wearable ophthalmic devices for disease monitoring and health management. Chem Rev 123(19):11488\u201311558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00290","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"8187_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.14227\/DT180311P15","volume":"18","author":"MRC Marques","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marques MRC, Loebenberg R, Almukainzi M (2011) Simulated biological fluids with possible application in dissolution testing. Dissolut Technol 18:15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14227\/DT180311P15","journal-title":"Dissolut Technol"},{"key":"8187_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146912","volume":"322","author":"XA Le","year":"2025","unstructured":"Le XA, Dang TV, Kim MI (2025) Peroxidase\u2013laccase dual enzymatic activities of bovine serum albumin\u2013copper hybrid nanoflowers for detecting ascorbic acid and degrading phenolic dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 322:146912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146912","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"8187_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22412","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22412","volume":"6","author":"Z-F Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Z-F, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Ma Y-L, He C-Y, Li H, Chen L, Huo Q-S, Wang L, Li Z-Q (2016) Amino acids-incorporated nanoflowers with intrinsic peroxidase-like activity. Sci Rep 6:22412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep22412","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8187_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AY01014C","volume":"14","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhang X, Li M, Qu L, Liu Z (2022) Acetylcholinesterase-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers for electrochemical detection of dichlorvos using square-wave voltammetry. Anal Methods 14:3911\u20133920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2AY01014C","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"8187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04937-4","volume":"188","author":"TV Dang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dang TV, Heo NS, Cho H-J, Lee SM, Song MY, Kim HJ, Kim MI (2021) Colorimetric determination of phenolic compounds using peroxidase mimics based on biomolecule-free hybrid nanoflowers consisting of graphitic carbon nitride and copper. Microchim Acta 188:293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-021-04937-4","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.256102","volume":"88","author":"B Coasne","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coasne B, Grosman A, Ortega C, Simon M (2002) Adsorption in noninterconnected pores open at one or both ends: a reconsideration of the origin of the hysteresis phenomenon. Phys Rev Lett 88:256102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.256102","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"8187_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.06.078","volume":"568","author":"N Furubayashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furubayashi N, Inaka K, Kamo M, Umena Y, Matsuoka T, Morimoto Y (2021) Dynamic interactions in the L-lactate oxidase active site facilitate substrate binding at pH 4.5, Biochem. Biophys Res Commun 568:131\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.06.078","journal-title":"Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"8187_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112428","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202112428","volume":"32","author":"PT Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen PT, Lee J, Cho A, Kim MS, Choi D, Han JW, Kim MI, Lee J (2022) Rational development of co-doped mesoporous ceria with high peroxidase-mimicking activity at neutral pH for paper-based colorimetric detection of multiple biomarkers. Adv Funct Mater 32:2112428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adfm.202112428","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"8187_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213342","volume":"416","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu H, Su Z (2020) Enzyme-based hybrid nanoflowers with high performances for biocatalytic, biomedical, and environmental applications. Coord Chem Rev 416:213342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213342","journal-title":"Coord Chem Rev"},{"key":"8187_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-015-0118-0","volume":"13","author":"SW Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee SW, Cheon SA, Kim MI, Park TJ (2015) Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: types, characteristics, and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnol 13:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-015-0118-0","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"8187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-021-00474-3","volume":"8","author":"S Lambhiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lambhiya S, Patel G, Banerjee UC (2021) Immobilization of transaminase from Bacillus licheniformis on copper phosphate nanoflowers and its potential application in the kinetic resolution of RS-\u03b1-methyl benzyl amine. Bioresour Bioprocess 8:126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40643-021-00474-3","journal-title":"Bioresour Bioprocess"},{"key":"8187_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8123","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2016272","volume":"83","author":"JM Goran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goran JM, Lyon JL, Stevenson KJ (2011) Amperometric detection of L-lactate using nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes modified with lactate oxidase. Anal Chem 83:8123\u20138129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac2016272","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"8187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117303","volume":"277","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun J, Dai W, Guo Q, Gao Y, Chen J, Chen JL, Mao G, Sun H, Peng Y-K (2025) Self-powered wearable electrochemical sensor based on composite conductive hydrogel medium for detection of lactate in human sweat. Biosens Bioelectron 277:117303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117303","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.136717","volume":"423","author":"W Phamonpon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Phamonpon W, Promphet N, Saengkiettiyut K, Boonyongmaneerat Y, Rattanawaleedirojn P, Hinestroza JP, Rodthongkum N (2025) Novel bioelectrode for sweat lactate sensor based on platinum nanoparticles\/reduced graphene oxide modified carbonized silk cocoon, Sens. Actuator B 423:136717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2024.136717","journal-title":"Actuator B"},{"key":"8187_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15060384","volume":"15","author":"C Animashaun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Animashaun C, Lahcen AA, Slaughter G (2025) Gold nanoparticle-enhanced molecularly imprinted polymer electrode for non-enzymatic lactate sensing. Biosensors 15:384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios15060384","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"8187_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61759","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA09616A","volume":"4","author":"H Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen H, Tan X, Zhang J, Lu Q, Ou X, Ruo Y, Chen S (2014) An electrogenerated chemiluminescent biosensor based on a g-C3N4-hemin nanocomposite and hollow gold nanoparticles for the detection of lactate. RSC Adv 4:61759\u201361766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C4RA09616A","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"8187_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11070208","volume":"11","author":"H Duong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duong H, Rhee JI (2021) Ratiometric fluorescent biosensors for glucose and lactate using an oxygen-sensing membrane. Biosensors 11:208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios11070208","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"8187_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.114233","volume":"12","author":"B Jing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jing B, Xu X, Wang J, Sun C, Li W, Chang Z (2024) Highly sensitive and selective L-lactate monitoring in complex matrices with a ratiometric fluorescent sensor RhB@Zn-MOF. J Environ Chem Eng 12:114233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2024.114233","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"8187_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37734","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c11446","volume":"13","author":"UB Gunatilake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gunatilake UB, Garcia-Rey S, Ojeda E, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F (2021) TiO2 nanotubes alginate hydrogel scaffold for rapid sensing of sweat biomarkers: lactate and glucose. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:37734\u201337745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.1c11446","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"8187_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-3214-7","volume":"186","author":"D Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou D, Zeng K, Yang M (2019) Gold nanoparticle-loaded hollow Prussian Blue nanoparticles with peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric determination of L-lactic acid. Microchim Acta 186:121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-018-3214-7","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8187_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07339-y","volume":"192","author":"AM Alaseem","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alaseem AM, Alasiri G, El-Wekil MM (2025) Dual-mode detection of lactic acid using B,N-doped carbon dots with peroxidase-mimicking activity for diabetes monitoring. Microchim Acta 192:489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-025-07339-y","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8187_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06531-w","volume":"191","author":"S Ayaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayaz S, Er\u015fan T, Dilgin Y, Apak R (2024) A new colorimetric lactate biosensor based on CUPRAC reagent using binary enzyme (lactate\u2013pyruvate oxidases)-immobilized silanized magnetite nanoparticles. Microchim Acta 191:455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-024-06531-w","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"8187_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018","volume":"40","author":"C Mateo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mateo C, Palomo JM, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R (2007) Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Enz Micro Technol 40(6):1451\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018","journal-title":"Enz Micro Technol"},{"issue":"19","key":"8187_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193460","volume":"24","author":"JM Bolivar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B (2019) The microenvironment in immobilized enzymes: Methods of characterization and its role in determining enzyme performance. Molecules 24(19):3460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24193460","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Microchimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08187-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08187-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08187-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:32:08Z","timestamp":1783690328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08187-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["8187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08187-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-3672","1436-5073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-3672","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-5073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The paper has been updated to revise the equal contribution statement to: Tho Nguyen Hoang To and Thinh Viet Dang contributed equally to this work.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human tear samples were collected from healthy adult volunteers using noninvasive procedures. The study was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Formal institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required because the samples were collected noninvasively and used solely for analytical method validation without recording any personal identifying information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all volunteers prior to tear sample collection.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"448"}}