{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:51:15Z","timestamp":1791370275289,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality","award":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0788, cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0103]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0788, cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0103]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microchim Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-026-08406-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:16:18Z","timestamp":1789701378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Freeze-thaw-directed interfacial assembly of a gold nanoparticle\/MXene electrochemical aptamer sensor for antibody-free myeloperoxidase detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Congyu","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"8406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murray CJL (2022) The global burden of disease study at 30 years. Nat Med 28:2019\u20132026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01990-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01990-1"},{"key":"8406_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-5301.2022.08.012","volume":"20","author":"MM Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang MM, Li X (2022) Myeloperoxidase: a novel markers for acute coronary syndromes. Chin J Cardiovasc Res 20:732\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-5301.2022.08.012","journal-title":"Chin J Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"8406_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035003","volume":"349","author":"M-L Brennan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brennan M-L, Penn MS, Lente FV et al (2003) Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med 349:1595\u20131604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa035003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8406_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107711","volume":"221","author":"SL Maiocchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maiocchi SL, Ku J, Thai T et al (2021) Myeloperoxidase: a versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 221:107711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107711","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"8406_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.004","volume":"47","author":"BU Goldmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldmann BU, Rudolph V, Rudolph TK et al (2009) Neutrophil activation precedes myocardial injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Free Radical Biol Med 47:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.004","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"8406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020255","volume":"13","author":"YB Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao YB, Zhao YN, Wang L et al (2023) Flexible amperometric immunosensor based on colloidal quantum dots for detecting the myeloperoxidase (MPO) systemic inflammation biomarker. Biosensors 13:255\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios13020255","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"8406_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR05728C","volume":"16","author":"L Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng L, Cao MZ, Du Y et al (2024) Artificial enzyme innovations in electrochemical devices: advancing wearable and portable sensing technologies. Nanoscale 16:44\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3NR05728C","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"8406_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.04.017","volume":"86","author":"LS Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu LS, Liu B, Li SF et al (2011) Improved electrochemical immunosensor for myeloperoxidase in human serum based on nanogold\/cerium dioxide-BMIMPF6\/l-cysteine composite film. Colloids Surf B 86:339\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.04.017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B"},{"key":"8406_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3359-z","volume":"186","author":"B Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu B, Lu LS (2019) Amperometric sandwich immunoassay for determination of myeloperoxidase by using gold nanoparticles encapsulated in graphitized mesoporous carbon. Microchim Acta 186:262\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-019-3359-z","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2563-y","volume":"185","author":"YL Wen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wen YL, Yuan JY, Chen J et al (2018) Amperometric myeloperoxidase immunoassay based on the use of CuPdPt nanowire networks. Microchim Acta 185:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-017-2563-y","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"8406_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu B, Lu L, song, Li Q, Xie G (2011) ming Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for myeloperoxidase based on the indium tin oxide electrode modified with an ionic liquid composite film containing gold nanoparticles, poly(o-phenylenediamine) and carbon nanotubes. Microchim Acta 173:513\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-011-0575-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0575-6"},{"key":"8406_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-7954-x","volume":"406","author":"Z Herrasti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herrasti Z, Mart\u00ednez F, Baldrich E (2014) Carbon nanotube wiring for signal amplification of electrochemical magneto immunosensors: application to myeloperoxidase detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:5487\u20135493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-014-7954-x","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"8406_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132628","volume":"372","author":"J Prader","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prader J, Rumpler M, Kamolz LP, Hajnsek M (2022) Myeloperoxidase-based in-vitro test strip sensor for early detection of wound infections at the patient\u00b4s bedside. Sens Actuators B 372:132628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132628","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B"},{"key":"8406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115891","volume":"246","author":"R Nandeshwar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nandeshwar R, Tallur S (2024) Electrochemical detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in blood plasma with surface-modified electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) printed circuit board (PCB) electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 246:115891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115891","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC00439B","volume":"14","author":"LF Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang LF, Ling M, Kacherovsky N, Pun SH (2023) Aptamers 101: aptamer discovery and in vitro applications in biosensors and separations. Chem Sci 14:4961\u20134978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3SC00439B","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"8406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-00993-5","volume":"11","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Liu S, Huang X et al (2025) Aptamers-based wearable electrochemical sensors for continuous monitoring of biomarkers in vivo. Microsyst Nanoeng 11:241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-025-00993-5","journal-title":"Microsyst Nanoeng"},{"key":"8406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-025-01319-9","volume":"8","author":"J-Y Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo J-Y, Yang S-W, Zhu Y et al (2025) One-step screening of myeloperoxidase aptamer using porous PEG hydrogel. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 8:244\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42114-025-01319-9","journal-title":"Adv Compos Hybrid Mater"},{"key":"8406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry5020098","volume":"5","author":"B Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu B, Ma J-Y, Wang J et al (2023) Rolling-circle-amplification-assisted DNA biosensors for sensitive and specific detection of hypochlorous acid and myeloperoxidase. Chemistry 5:1454\u20131464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/chemistry5020098","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"8406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07780-4","volume":"24","author":"B-Y Shi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shi B-Y, Zhang J-M, Qin S-H et al (2026) Logic-gated fluorescent biosensor integrating aptamer recognition and oxidative cleavage-responsive DNA circuit for myeloperoxidase detection. J Transl Med 24:308\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-026-07780-4","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"8406_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SD00181A","volume":"5","author":"A Koushanpour","year":"2026","unstructured":"Koushanpour A, Raphael Y, Harvey EJ, Merle GE (2026) Controlling the signal through interfacial design in aptamer-based electrochemical sensors. Sens Diagn 5:522\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D5SD00181A","journal-title":"Sens Diagn"},{"key":"8406_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c20707","volume":"13","author":"YZ Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu YZ, Canoura J, Alkhamis O, Xiao Y (2021) Immobilization strategies for enhancing sensitivity of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:9491\u20139499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.0c20707","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"8406_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2025.109207","volume":"169","author":"N Hosseini","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hosseini N, Nakhjavani SA, Ardalan M et al (2026) Gold nanoparticle-modified graphene oxide electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of interferon gamma in kidney transplants. Bioelectrochemistry 169:109207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2025.109207","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"8406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202500765","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202500765","volume":"12","author":"T Kalyani","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kalyani T, Karmakar RR, Begum K et al (2026) Advances in flexible non-enzymatic two-dimensional material-based electrochemical biosensors for glucose detection. ChemNanoMat: Chem Nanomater Energy Biol More 12:e202500765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnma.202500765","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat: Chem Nanomater Energy Biol More"},{"key":"8406_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202312975","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202312975","volume":"62","author":"ZL Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li ZL, Lv Y, Duan XM et al (2023) Highly uniform DNA monolayers generated by freezing-directed assembly on gold surfaces enable robust electrochemical sensing in whole blood. Angew Chem Int Ed 62:e202312975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202312975","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"8406_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-023-01207-z","volume":"15","author":"DR Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang DR, Wang ZJ, Flynn CD et al (2023) A high-dimensional microfluidic approach for selection of aptamers with programmable binding affinities. Nat Chem 15:773\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41557-023-01207-z","journal-title":"Nat Chem"},{"key":"8406_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-00969-1","volume":"19","author":"M Downes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Downes M, Shuck CE, McBride B et al (2024) Comprehensive synthesis of Ti3C2Tx from MAX phase to MXene. Nat Protoc 19:1807\u20131834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-024-00969-1","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"8406_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-023-00652-1","volume":"6","author":"ZX Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang ZX, Karimi-Maleh H (2023) Label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles\/titanium carbide MXene for lead detection with its reduction peak as index signal. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 6:68\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42114-023-00652-1","journal-title":"Adv Compos Hybrid Mater"},{"key":"8406_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b02847","volume":"29","author":"M Alhabeb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alhabeb M, Maleski K, Anasori B et al (2017) Guidelines for synthesis and processing of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3 C2 T x MXene). Chem Mater 29:7633\u20137644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b02847","journal-title":"Chem Mater"},{"key":"8406_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9812","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.5c00962","volume":"8","author":"FX Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen FX, Mostafiz B, Suni J, Peltola E (2025) Electrochemical design of gold nanostructures for controllable electrochemical performance and scalable aptamer sensing application. ACS Appl Nano Mater 8:9812\u20139823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsanm.5c00962","journal-title":"ACS Appl Nano Mater"},{"key":"8406_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00352-8","volume":"8","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Qiu Y, Jiang DM et al (2022) Covalently grafting first-generation PAMAM dendrimers onto MXenes with self-adsorbed AuNPs for use as a functional nanoplatform for highly sensitive electrochemical biosensing of cTnT. Microsyst Nanoeng 8:35\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-022-00352-8","journal-title":"Microsyst Nanoeng"},{"key":"8406_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115918","volume":"246","author":"HW Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan HW, Tang S-Y, Goda K, Li M (2024) Enhancing the sensitivity and stability of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors by AuNPs@MXene nanocomposite for continuous monitoring of biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 246:115918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115918","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8406_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113595","volume":"195","author":"JC Abrego-Martinez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abrego-Martinez JC, Jafari M, Chergui S et al (2022) Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2: nanoscale electrode-aptamer-SARS-CoV-2 imaging by photo-induced force microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 195:113595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113595","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8406_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04498","volume":"95","author":"J Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan J, Xu WX, Li WL et al (2023) Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors with tunable detection range. Anal Chem 95:421\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04498","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"8406_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00823A","volume":"55","author":"X Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen X, Li X, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ (2026) The importance of nano\u2013bio interfacial design in the sensing performance of nanoparticle-based affinity biosensors. Chem Soc Rev 55:6182\u20136220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D5CS00823A","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"8406_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.166827","volume":"57","author":"SJ Nicholls","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicholls SJ, Wilson Tang W, Brennan D et al (2011) Risk prediction with serial myeloperoxidase monitoring in patients with acute chest pain. Clin Chem 57:1762\u20131770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2011.166827","journal-title":"Clin Chem"}],"container-title":["Microchimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08406-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08406-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08406-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:07:15Z","timestamp":1791367635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08406-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["8406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08406-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-3672","1436-5073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-3672","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-5073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, text readability and parts of the schematic diagram were improved by ChatGPT. After using this tool, the authors carefully reviewed the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"684"}}