{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:12:06Z","timestamp":1792782726491,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Industry-University-Research Cooperation of Fujian Province"},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22074058, S.X.L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22074058, S.X.L"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J01913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J01913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhangzhou Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZZ2023J08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ2023J08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microchim Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-026-08434-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:07:46Z","timestamp":1791245266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid and home-testable integrated colorimetric sensor for nitrite detection in urine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Feng-Jiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ke-Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun-Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Ying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Ling","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Juan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Fei-Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8434_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114507","volume":"214","author":"Z Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin Z, Cheng S, Li H, Jin B, He X (2022) Highly selective and sensitive nitrite biocathode biosensor prepared by polarity inversion method coupled with selective removal of interfering electroactive bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 214:114507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114507","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8434_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03617","volume":"96","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Zheng T, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Wu P (2024) Field-Deployable Colorimetric Array for On-Site Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Identification of Causative Pathogens. Anal Chem 96:14679\u201314687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03617","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00393","volume":"3","author":"P Ramirez-Priego","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramirez-Priego P, Martens D, Elamin AA, Soetaert P, Van Roy W, Vos R, Anton B, Bockstaele R, Becker H, Singh M, Bienstman P, Lechuga LM (2018) Label-Free and Real-Time Detection of Tuberculosis in Human Urine Samples Using a Nanophotonic Point-of-Care Platform. ACS Sens 3:2079\u20132086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.8b00393","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"8434_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2024.136818","volume":"370","author":"TE Arumugam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arumugam TE, Paramasivam SS, Neelamegam R, Manickam P (2024) Embroidered textile-based electrochemical sensors towards urinary nitrite measurement. Mater Lett 370:136818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matlet.2024.136818","journal-title":"Mater Lett"},{"key":"8434_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.136990","volume":"426","author":"MM Rana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rana MM, Krishnakumar A, Gopalakrishnan S, Ramesh Y, Srinivasan P, Stanciu L, Rahimi R (2025) Stimulus responsive wireless sensor integrated smart urine bag for early detection of catheter-associated infections. Sens Actuators B Chem 426:136990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2024.136990","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_18_94","volume":"36","author":"K Kalaiarasan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalaiarasan K, Singh R, Chaturvedula L (2018) Changing Virulence Factors among Vaginal Non-albicans Candida species. Indian J Med Microbiol 36:364\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_18_94","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"8434_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.08.008","volume":"99","author":"D Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li D, Ma Y, Duan H, Deng W, Li D (2018) Griess reaction-based paper strip for colorimetric\/fluorescent\/SERS triple sensing of nitrite. Biosens Bioelectron 99:389\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2017.08.008","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8434_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)00851-0","volume":"789","author":"V Di Matteo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Di Matteo V, Esposito E (1997) Methods for the determination of nitrite by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 789:213\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)00851-0","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"8434_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.068","volume":"132","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Geng Z, Fan Z, Liu J, Chen H (2019) Point-of-care testing based on smartphone: The current state-of-the-art (2017\u20132018). Biosens Bioelectron 132:17\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.068","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8434_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.12.044","volume":"165","author":"Q-H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Q-H, Yu L-J, Liu Y, Lin L, Lu R, Zhu J, He L, Lu Z-L (2017) Methods for the detection and determination of nitrite and nitrate: A review. Talanta 165:709\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.12.044","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"8434_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.01.008","volume":"113","author":"X Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li X, Ping J, Ying Y (2019) Recent developments in carbon nanomaterial-enabled electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 113:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2019.01.008","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135352","volume":"405","author":"M Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng M, Zhang C, Yao Q, Jin J, Ye T-X, Chen X, Guo Z, Chen X (2024) Multifunction nanoenzyme-assisted ion-selective and oxidation catalysis SERS biosensors for point-of-care nitrite testing. Sens Actuators B Chem 405:135352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135352","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"8434_CR13","first-page":"556","volume":"5","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X et al (2025) Smart Paper-Based Nanosensor for Simultaneous Environmental eMonitoring of Nitrate and Nitrite. ACS Meas Sci Au 5(5):556\u2013565","journal-title":"ACS Meas Sci Au"},{"key":"8434_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121063","volume":"217","author":"D Ferreira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferreira D, Mesquita R (2020) Novel microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (\u00b5PADs) for the determination of nitrate and nitrite in human saliva[J]. Talanta 217:121063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121063","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"8434_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08318","volume":"9","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Song Y, Xu L, Wang J, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Chen F, Liu B, Liu L, Chen D, Jiao X (2024) Funct Electrospun Nanofibrous Hybrid Mater Colorimetric Sensors: Rev ACS Omega 9:5157\u20135174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c08318","journal-title":"Funct Electrospun Nanofibrous Hybrid Mater Colorimetric Sensors: Rev ACS Omega"},{"key":"8434_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116612","volume":"263","author":"W Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu W, Li Q, Ren J, Feng K, Gong J, Li Z, Zhang J, Liu X, Xu Z, Yang L (2024) A sensor platform based on SERS detection\/janus textile for sweat glucose and lactate analysis toward portable monitoring of wellness status. Biosens Bioelectron 263:116612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116612","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"8434_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11360","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02137","volume":"94","author":"Y Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan Y, Dong X, Guo Y, Xing H, Xia H, Li J, Wang E (2022) Facile Uniaxial Electrospinning Strategy To Embed CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals with Enhanced Water\/Thermal Stabilities for Reversible Fluorescence Switches. Anal Chem 94:11360\u201311367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02137","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c00604","volume":"95","author":"Z-J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Z-J, Li H, Luo J-Y, Li S, Liu F (2023) Few-Shot Learning-Based, Long-Term Stable, Sensitive Chemosensor for On-Site Colorimetric Detection of Cr(VI). Anal Chem 95:6156\u20136162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c00604","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14801","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04014","volume":"94","author":"J Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo J, Huang Z, Li S, Zheng F, Liu F, Huang Q, Huang X, Xie H (2022) Photodegradation Kinetics and Deep Learning-Based Intelligent Colorimetric Method for Bioavailability-Based Dissolved Iron Speciation. Anal Chem 94:14801\u201314809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04014","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Machine learning and artificial intelligence an introduction (1992) Anal Chem 64:49A-60A https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac00025a742","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00025a742"},{"key":"8434_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98659-9","volume":"15","author":"G Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu G, Lin Z, Shi Y, Wu J, Xu H, Wang G, Zhang T (2025) Recognition of chlorophyll rings using YOLOv8. Sci Rep 15:13934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-98659-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8434_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124350","volume":"316","author":"R Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng R, Yu Z, Fu Q, Fan Y, Fu L, Ding Z, Yang S, Cao Z, Jia L (2024) Smartphone-based colorimetric detection platform using color correction algorithms to reduce external interference. Spectrochim Acta Mol Biomol Spectrosc 316:124350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124350","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"key":"8434_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.110209","volume":"36","author":"Z Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Z, Li H, Luo J, Li S, Zhao M, Liu F, Xie H (2025) Deep learning-based simultaneous bioavailability assessment and speciation analysis of dissolved organic copper. Chin Chem Lett 36:110209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.110209","journal-title":"Chin Chem Lett"},{"key":"8434_CR24","unstructured":"Pickering Laboratories (2019) Artificial urine, DIN EN 1616:1999. Pickering Laboratories, Mountain View"},{"key":"8434_CR25","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds","author":"RM Silverstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Silverstein RM, Webster FX, Kiemle DJ (2005) Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 7th edn. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 123\u2013128","edition":"7"},{"key":"8434_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.31727.0709","author":"HO Lintang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lintang HO (2023) FTIR spectra of PVP\/ZnO composites. ResearchGate. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.31727.0709","journal-title":"ResearchGate"},{"key":"8434_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1117\/12.464024","volume":"4876","author":"C Moore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moore C, Perova TS, Kennedy B, Berwick K, Shaganov I, Moore RA (2003) Study of structure and quality of different silicon oxides using FTIR and Raman microscopy. Proc SPIE 4876:1247\u20131256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.464024","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"8434_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000385","DOI":"10.4172\/21532435.1000385","volume":"6","author":"M Sangeetha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sangeetha M, Mathammal R, Mekala R, Krishnakumar V (2015) Crystal growth, structural analysis, characterization, conformational stability and quantum chemical calculation of p-arsanilic acid. Pharm Anal Acta 6:1000385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/21532435.1000385","journal-title":"Pharm Anal Acta"},{"key":"8434_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201400522","volume":"27","author":"MG Afshar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Dorokhin D, N\u00e9el B, Bakker E (2015) Thin Layer Coulometry of Nitrite with Ion-Selective Membranes. Electroanalysis 27:609\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elan.201400522","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"8434_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00328-5","volume":"746","author":"H Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li H, Meininger CJ, Wu G (2000) Rapid determination of nitrite by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci App 746:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00328-5","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci App"},{"key":"8434_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216355","volume":"26","author":"FTSM Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira FTSM, Mesquita RBR, Rangel AOSS (2021) Design and Functionalization of a \u00b5PAD for the Enzymatic Determination of Nitrate in Urine. Molecules 26:6355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26216355","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"8434_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126456","volume":"317","author":"H-H Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng H-H, Huang K-Y, Zhang M-J, Zou Z-Y, Xu Y-Y, Peng H-P, Chen W, Hong G-L (2020) Sensitive and selective nitrite assay based on fluorescent gold nanoclusters and Fe2+\/Fe3+ redox reaction. Food Chem 317:126456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126456","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"8434_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201300607","volume":"26","author":"B N\u00e9el","year":"2014","unstructured":"N\u00e9el B, Ghahraman\u2005Asfhar M, Crespo GA, Pawlak M, Dorokhin D, Bakker E (2014) Nitrite-Selective Electrode Based On Cobalt(II) tert \u2010Butyl\u2010Salophen Ionophore. Electroanalysis 26:473\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elan.201300607","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"8434_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.07.018","volume":"990","author":"H-S Lo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lo H-S, Lo K-W, Yeung C-F, Wong C-Y (2017) Rapid visual and spectrophotometric nitrite detection by cyclometalated ruthenium complex. Anal Chim Acta 990:135\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2017.07.018","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"}],"container-title":["Microchimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08434-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08434-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08434-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:07:48Z","timestamp":1791245268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08434-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-026-08434-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-3672","1436-5073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-3672","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-5073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). All experiments involving samples were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (No. 2021KYB269). The name of the Approval Committee:Medical Ethics Committee of Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All human urine samples used in this study were obtained with written informed consent from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"not applicable\u2019.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"715"}}