{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:05:37Z","timestamp":1792807537675,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001652","name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Following spinal cord injury (SCI), the routine use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) resulted in an incremental diagnosis of posttraumatic syringomyelia (PTS). However, facing four decades of preferred surgical treatment of PTS, no clear consensus on the recommended treatment exists. We review the literature on PTS regarding therapeutic strategies, outcomes, and complications.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We performed a systematic bibliographic search on (\u201cspinal cord injuries\u201d [Mesh] AND \u201csyringomyelia\u201d [Mesh]). English language literature published between 1980 and 2020 was gathered, and case reports and articles examining syrinx due to other causes were excluded. The type of study, interval injury to symptoms, severity and level of injury, therapeutic procedure, duration of follow-up, complications, and outcome were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Forty-three observational studies including 1803 individuals met the eligibility criteria. The time interval from SCI to the diagnosis of PTS varied between 42 and 264\u00a0months. Eighty-nine percent of patients were treated surgically (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091605) with a complication rate of 26%. Symptoms improved in 43% of patients postoperatively and in 2% treated conservatively. Stable disease was documented in 50% of patients postoperatively and in 88% treated conservatively. The percentage of deterioration was similar (surgery 16%, 0.8% dead; conservative 10%). Detailed analysis of surgical outcome with regard to symptoms revealed that pain, motor, and sensory function could be improved in 43 to 55% of patients while motor function deteriorated in around 25%. The preferred methods of surgery were arachnoid lysis (48%) and syrinx drainage (31%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Even diagnosing PTS early in its evolution with MRI, to date, no satisfactory standard treatment exists, and the present literature review shows similar outcomes, regardless of the treatment modality. Therefore, PTS remains a neurosurgical challenge. Additional research is required using appropriate study designs for improving treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04529-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T22:02:25Z","timestamp":1597960945000},"page":"2541-2556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia: evidence from a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Kleindienst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Marin","family":"Laut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Roeckelein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Buchfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Dodoo-Schittko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4529_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100740","volume":"37","author":"R Abel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abel R, Gerner HJ, Smit C, Meiners T (1999) Residual deformity of the spinal canal in patients with traumatic paraplegia and secondary changes of the spinal cord. Spinal Cord 37:14\u201319","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"4529_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000369609.30695.AB","volume":"66","author":"N Aghakhani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aghakhani N, Baussart B, David P, Lacroix C, Benoudiba F, Tadie M, Parker F (2010) Surgical treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Neurosurgery 66:1120\u20131127; discussion 1127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000369609.30695.AB","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"4529_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187746","volume":"12","author":"N Alisauskaite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alisauskaite N, Spitzbarth I, Baumgartner W, Dziallas P, Kramer S, Dening R, Stein VM, Tipold A (2017) Chronic post-traumatic intramedullary lesions in dogs, a translational model. PLoS One 12:e0187746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0187746","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4529_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198611000-00003","volume":"11","author":"HA Anton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Anton HA, Schweigel JF (1986) Posttraumatic syringomyelia: the British Columbia experience. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 11:865\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-198611000-00003","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4529_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199606150-00009","volume":"21","author":"M Asano","year":"1996","unstructured":"Asano M, Fujiwara K, Yonenobu K, Hiroshima K (1996) Post-traumatic syringomyelia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21:1446\u20131453","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4529_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.3.4.585","volume":"3","author":"S Batnitzky","year":"1983","unstructured":"Batnitzky S, Price HI, Gaughan MJ, Hall PV, Rosenthal SJ (1983) The radiology of syringohydromyelia. RadioGraphics 3:585\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiographics.3.4.585","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"4529_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f32e9c","volume":"35","author":"CM Bonfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Levi AD, Arnold PM, Okonkwo DO (2010) Surgical management of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:S245\u2013S258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f32e9c","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4529_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E413","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000092346.83686.B9","volume":"28","author":"AR Brodbelt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brodbelt AR, Stoodley MA, Watling AM, Tu J, Burke S, Jones NR (2003) Altered subarachnoid space compliance and fluid flow in an animal model of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28:E413\u2013E419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.BRS.0000092346.83686.B9","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4529_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000350871.47574.DE","volume":"65","author":"F Cacciola","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cacciola F, Capozza M, Perrini P, Benedetto N, Di Lorenzo N (2009) Syringopleural shunt as a rescue procedure in patients with syringomyelia refractory to restoration of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Neurosurgery 65:471\u2013476; discussion 476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000350871.47574.DE","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"4529_CR10","first-page":"366","volume":"10","author":"F Cao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cao F, Yang XF, Liu WG, Li G, Zheng XS, Wen L (2007) Surgery for posttraumatic syringomyelia: a retrospective study of seven patients. Chin J Traumatol 10:366\u2013370","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"key":"4529_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000162277.76012.0b","volume":"30","author":"AM Carroll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carroll AM, Brackenridge P (2005) Post-traumatic syringomyelia: a review of the cases presenting in a regional spinal injuries unit in the north east of England over a 5-year period. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30:1206\u20131210","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4529_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0103","volume":"114","author":"F Dodoo-Schittko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodoo-Schittko F, Brandstetter S, Blecha S, Thomann-Hackner K, Brandl M, Knuttel H, Bein T, Apfelbacher C (2017) Determinants of quality of life and return to work following acute respiratory distress syndrome. Dtsch Arztebl Int 114:103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0103","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"4529_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699409002388","volume":"8","author":"R Edgar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edgar R, Quail P (1994) Progressive post-traumatic cystic and non-cystic myelopathy. Br J Neurosurg 8:7\u201322","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.2.141","volume":"60","author":"WS el Masry","year":"1996","unstructured":"el Masry WS, Biyani A (1996) Incidence, management, and outcome of post-traumatic syringomyelia. In memory of Mr Bernard Williams. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60:141\u2013146","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4529_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.07.009","volume":"33","author":"NS Elliott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elliott NS, Lockerby DA, Brodbelt AR (2011) A lumped-parameter model of the cerebrospinal system for investigating arterial-driven flow in posttraumatic syringomyelia. Med Eng Phys 33:874\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.07.009","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"4529_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE0976","volume":"13","author":"C Ewelt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ewelt C, Stalder S, Steiger HJ, Hildebrandt G, Heilbronner R (2010) Impact of cordectomy as a treatment option for posttraumatic and non-posttraumatic syringomyelia with tethered cord syndrome and myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 13:193\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE0976","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.35.3.0277","volume":"35","author":"DJ Fairholm","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fairholm DJ, Turnbull IM (1971) Microangiographic study of experimental spinal cord injuries. J Neurosurg 35:277\u2013286","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.4.SPINE09333","volume":"11","author":"SP Falci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Falci SP, Indeck C, Lammertse DP (2009) Posttraumatic spinal cord tethering and syringomyelia: surgical treatment and long-term outcome. J Neurosurg Spine 11:445\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.4.SPINE09333","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00589","volume":"95","author":"MG Fehlings","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Kopjar B, Yoon ST, Arnold PM, Massicotte EM, Vaccaro AR, Brodke DS, Shaffrey CI, Smith JS, Woodard EJ, Banco RJ, Chapman JR, Janssen ME, Bono CM, Sasso RC, Dekutoski MB, Gokaslan ZL (2013) Efficacy and safety of surgical decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: results of the AOSpine North America prospective multi-center study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 95:1651\u20131658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.L.00589","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4529_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2000.8.3.4","volume":"8","author":"NJ Fischbein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fischbein NJ, Dillon WP, Cobbs C, Weinstein PR (2000) The \u201cpresyrinx\u201d state: is there a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia? Neurosurg Focus 8:E4","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"4529_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247","volume":"28","author":"WJ Gardner","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gardner WJ (1965) Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:247\u2013259","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4529_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820777cf","volume":"68","author":"Z Ghogawala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghogawala Z, Martin B, Benzel EC, Dziura J, Magge SN, Abbed KM, Bisson EF, Shahid J, Coumans JV, Choudhri TF, Steinmetz MP, Krishnaney AA, King JT Jr, Butler WE, Barker FG 2nd, Heary RF (2011) Comparative effectiveness of ventral vs dorsal surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurosurgery 68:622\u2013630; discussion 630\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820777cf","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"4529_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.SPINE12828","volume":"18","author":"T Hayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Ueta T, Kubo M, Maeda T, Shiba K (2013) Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass: a new surgical technique for posttraumatic syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 18:382\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.1.SPINE12828","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25075","volume":"82","author":"MJ Hess","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hess MJ, Foo D (2001) Shunting for syringomyelia in patients with spinal cord injuries: self-reported, long-term effects in 8 patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82:1633\u20131636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.25075","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"4529_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199411000-00012","volume":"35","author":"K Hida","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hida K, Iwasaki Y, Imamura H, Abe H (1994) Posttraumatic syringomyelia: its characteristic magnetic resonance imaging findings and surgical management. Neurosurgery 35:886\u2013891 discussion 891","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"4529_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2000.8.3.8","volume":"8","author":"LT Holly","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holly LT, Johnson JP, Masciopinto JE, Batzdorf U (2000) Treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia with extradural decompressive surgery. Neurosurg Focus 8:E8","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"4529_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0094-y","volume":"56","author":"U Holmstrom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holmstrom U, Tsitsopoulos PP, Flygt H, Holtz A, Marklund N (2018) Neurosurgical untethering with or without syrinx drainage results in high patient satisfaction and favorable clinical outcome in post-traumatic myelopathy patients. Spinal Cord 56:873\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-018-0094-y","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"4529_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2012.703350","volume":"27","author":"N Isik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Isik N, Elmaci I, Isik N, Cerci SA, Basaran R, Gura M, Kalelioglu M (2013) Long-term results and complications of the syringopleural shunting for treatment of syringomyelia: a clinical study. Br J Neurosurg 27:91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688697.2012.703350","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-27577-0_29","volume":"93","author":"H Jaksche","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jaksche H, Schaan M, Schulz J, Bosczcyk B (2005) Posttraumatic syringomyelia--a serious complication in tetra- and paraplegic patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl 93:165\u2013167","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"4529_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.06.007","volume":"124","author":"Y Karam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karam Y, Hitchon PW, Mhanna NE, He W, Noeller J (2014) Post-traumatic syringomyelia: outcome predictors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 124:44\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.06.007","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2014.10.2.66","volume":"10","author":"HG Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim HG, Oh HS, Kim TW, Park KH (2014) Clinical features of post-traumatic Syringomyelia. Korean J Neurotrauma 10:66\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13004\/kjnt.2014.10.2.66","journal-title":"Korean J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"4529_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.5.SPINE11904","volume":"17","author":"J Klekamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klekamp J (2012) Treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 17:199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.5.SPINE11904","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer KM, Levine AM (1997) Posttraumatic syringomyelia: a review of 21 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res:190\u2013199","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199701000-00025"},{"key":"4529_CR34","first-page":"657","volume":"148","author":"PA La Haye","year":"1988","unstructured":"La Haye PA, Batzdorf U (1988) Posttraumatic syringomyelia. West J Med 148:657\u2013663","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"4529_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI.2008.10.08638","volume":"9","author":"S Lam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lam S, Batzdorf U, Bergsneider M (2008) Thecal shunt placement for treatment of obstructive primary syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 9:581\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/SPI.2008.10.08638","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.4.2.174","volume":"4","author":"AW Laxton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laxton AW, Perrin RG (2006) Cordectomy for the treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Report of four cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine 4:174\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2006.4.2.174","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR37","first-page":"149","volume":"92","author":"TT Lee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lee TT, Alameda GJ, Gromelski EB, Green BA (2000) Outcome after surgical treatment of progressive posttraumatic cystic myelopathy. J Neurosurg 92:149\u2013154","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00020","volume":"26","author":"TT Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee TT, Alameda GJ, Camilo E, Green BA (2001) Surgical treatment of post-traumatic myelopathy associated with syringomyelia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26:S119\u2013S127","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4529_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101322","volume":"40","author":"JH Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee JH, Chung CK, Kim HJ (2002) Decompression of the spinal subarachnoid space as a solution for syringomyelia without Chiari malformation. Spinal Cord 40:501\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.3101322","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"4529_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1987.62","volume":"25","author":"BM Lyons","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lyons BM, Brown DJ, Calvert JM, Woodward JM, Wriedt CH (1987) The diagnosis and management of post traumatic syringomyelia. Paraplegia 25:340\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1987.62","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"4529_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199508000-00003","volume":"37","author":"TH Milhorat","year":"1995","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Johnson RW, Milhorat RH, Capocelli AL Jr, Pevsner PH (1995) Clinicopathological correlations in syringomyelia using axial magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 37:206\u2013213","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"4529_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE0964","volume":"13","author":"CO Oluigbo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oluigbo CO, Thacker K, Flint G (2010) The role of lumboperitoneal shunts in the treatment of syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 13:133\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE0964","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4529_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(89)90175-4","volume":"32","author":"R Padovani","year":"1989","unstructured":"Padovani R, Cavallo M, Gaist G (1989) Surgical treatment of syringomyelia: favorable results with syringosubarachnoid shunting. Surg Neurol 32:173\u2013180","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4529_CR44","first-page":"58","volume":"45","author":"B Perrouin-Verbe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Perrouin-Verbe B, Robert R, Lefort M, Agakhani N, Tadie M, Mathe JF (1999) Post-traumatic syringomyelia. Neurochirurgie 45(Suppl 1):58\u201366","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"4529_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/096382899297440","volume":"21","author":"J Ronen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ronen J, Catz A, Spasser R, Gepstein R (1999) The treatment dilemma in post-traumatic syringomyelia. Disabil Rehabil 21:455\u2013457","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"4529_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.2.439","volume":"108","author":"AB Rossier","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rossier AB, Foo D, Shillito J, Dyro FM (1985) Posttraumatic cervical syringomyelia. Incidence, clinical presentation, electrophysiological studies, syrinx protein and results of conservative and operative treatment. Brain 108(Pt 2):439\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/108.2.439","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4529_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000197","volume":"10","author":"M Schaan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schaan M, Jaksche H (2001) Comparison of different operative modalities in post-traumatic syringomyelia: preliminary report. Eur Spine J 10:135\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005860000197","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"4529_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199912000-00007","volume":"12","author":"B Schaller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schaller B, Mindermann T, Gratzl O (1999) Treatment of syringomyelia after posttraumatic paraparesis or tetraparesis. J Spinal Disord 12:485\u2013488","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"4529_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.1.61","volume":"60","author":"B Schurch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schurch B, Wichmann W, Rossier AB (1996) Post-traumatic syringomyelia (cystic myelopathy): a prospective study of 449 patients with spinal cord injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60:61\u201367","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4529_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.1.0001","volume":"82","author":"S Sgouros","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sgouros S, Williams B (1995) A critical appraisal of drainage in syringomyelia. J Neurosurg 82:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1995.82.1.0001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.1.35","volume":"44","author":"N Shannon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Shannon N, Symon L, Logue V, Cull D, Kang J, Kendall B (1981) Clinical features, investigation and treatment of post-traumatic syringomyelia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 44:35\u201342","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4529_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.7.620","volume":"48","author":"M Suzuki","year":"1985","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Davis C, Symon L, Gentili F (1985) Syringoperitoneal shunt for treatment of cord cavitation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48:620\u2013627","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4529_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100027190","volume":"15","author":"CH Tator","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tator CH, Briceno C (1988) Treatment of syringomyelia with a syringosubarachnoid shunt. Can J Neurol Sci 15:48\u201357","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4529_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0517","volume":"56","author":"CH Tator","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tator CH, Meguro K, Rowed DW (1982) Favorable results with syringosubarachnoid shunts for treatment of syringomyelia. J Neurosurg 56:517\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0517","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.17","volume":"48","author":"SO Ushewokunze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ushewokunze SO, Gan YC, Phillips K, Thacker K, Flint G (2010) Surgical treatment of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Spinal Cord 48:710\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2010.17","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"4529_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01418834","volume":"84","author":"J Vaquero","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vaquero J, Martinez R, Salazar J, Santos H (1987) Syringosubarachnoid shunt for treatment of syringomyelia. Acta Neurochir 84:105\u2013109","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"4529_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047 e1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.08.019","volume":"107","author":"J Vaquero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaquero J, Hassan R, Fernandez C, Rodriguez-Boto G, Zurita M (2017) Cell therapy as a new approach to the treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. World Neurosurg 107:1047 e1045\u20131047 e1048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.08.019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1982.64","volume":"20","author":"JD Vernon","year":"1982","unstructured":"Vernon JD, Silver JR, Ohry A (1982) Post-traumatic syringomyelia. Paraplegia 20:339\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1982.64","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"4529_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1983.6","volume":"21","author":"JD Vernon","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vernon JD, Silver JR, Symon L (1983) Post-traumatic syringomyelia: the results of surgery. Paraplegia 21:37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1983.6","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"4529_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.55","volume":"33","author":"L Wiart","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wiart L, Dautheribes M, Pointillart V, Gaujard E, Petit H, Barat M (1995) Mean term follow-up of a series of post-traumatic syringomyelia patients after syringo-peritoneal shunting. Paraplegia 33:241\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1995.55","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"4529_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5693.434","volume":"1","author":"B Williams","year":"1970","unstructured":"Williams B (1970) Syringomyelia. Br Med J 1:434","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"4529_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/02688698709034342","volume":"1","author":"B Williams","year":"1987","unstructured":"Williams B, Page N (1987) Surgical treatment of syringomyelia with syringopleural shunting. Br J Neurosurg 1:63\u201380","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4529_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501750451839","volume":"18","author":"ED Wirth 3rd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wirth ED 3rd, Reier PJ, Fessler RG, Thompson FJ, Uthman B, Behrman A, Beard J, Vierck CJ, Anderson DK (2001) Feasibility and safety of neural tissue transplantation in patients with syringomyelia. J Neurotrauma 18:911\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/089771501750451839","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04529-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04529-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04529-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:06:57Z","timestamp":1629418017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04529-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04529-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6268","0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6268","type":"print"},{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}