{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:12:46Z","timestamp":1793239966955,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011852","name":"Paracelsus Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) allows the identification of deep-seated seizure foci and determination of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients. We evaluated the accuracy and treatment-associated morbidity of frameless VarioGuide\u00ae (VG) neuronavigation-guided depth electrode (DE) implantations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively identified all consecutive adult DRE patients, who underwent VG-neuronavigation DE implantations, between March 2013 and April 2019. Clinical data were extracted from the electronic patient charts. An interdisciplinary team agreed upon all treatment decisions. We performed trajectory planning with iPlan\u00ae Cranial software and DE implantations with the VG system. Each electrode\u2019s accuracy was assessed at the entry (EP), the centre (CP) and the target point (TP). We conducted correlation analyses to identify factors associated with accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study population comprised 17 patients (10 women) with a median age of 32.0 years (range 21.0\u201354.0). In total, 220 DEs (median length 49.3 mm, range 25.1\u201393.8) were implanted in 21 SEEG procedures (range 3\u201316 DEs\/surgery). Adequate signals for postoperative SEEG were detected for all but one implanted DEs (99.5%); in 15\/17 (88.2%) patients, the EZ was identified and 8\/17 (47.1%) eventually underwent focus resection. The mean deviations were 3.2 \u00b1 2.4 mm for EP, 3.0 \u00b1 2.2 mm for CP and 2.7 \u00b1 2.0 mm for TP. One patient suffered from postoperative SEEG-associated morbidity (i.e. conservatively treated delayed bacterial meningitis). No mortality or new neurological deficits were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The accuracy of VG-SEEG proved sufficient to identify EZ in DRE patients and associated with a good risk-profile. It is a viable and safe alternative to frame-based or robotic systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04755-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T04:03:09Z","timestamp":1613275389000},"page":"1355-1364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["VarioGuide\u00ae frameless neuronavigation-guided stereoelectroencephalography in adult epilepsy patients: technique, accuracy and clinical experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ladisich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Machegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Romagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Krainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Steinbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Leitinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Kalss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Thon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2259-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4755_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel TJ, Varela Osorio R, Amorim-Leite R, Mathieu F, Kahane P, Minotti L, Hoffmann D, Chabardes S (2018) Frameless robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography in children: technical aspects and comparison with Talairach frame technique. J Neurosurg Pediatr:1\u201310","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.PEDS17435"},{"issue":"5","key":"4755_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2013.798859","volume":"27","author":"K Abhinav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abhinav K, Prakash S, Sandeman DR (2013) Use of robot-guided stereotactic placement of intracerebral electrodes for investigation of focal epilepsy: initial experience in the UK. Br J Neurosurg 27(5):704\u2013705","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.064","volume":"53","author":"H Abou-Al-Shaar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abou-Al-Shaar H, Brock AA, Kundu B, Englot DJ, Rolston JD (2018) Increased nationwide use of stereoencephalography for intracranial epilepsy electroencephalography recordings. J Clin Neurosci 53:132\u2013134","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"suppl_5","key":"4755_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ONS471","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000326037.62337.80","volume":"62","author":"A Afif","year":"2008","unstructured":"Afif A, Chabardes S, Minotti L, Kahane P, Hoffmann D (2008) Safety and usefulness of insular depth electrodes implanted via an oblique approach in patients with epilepsy. Oper Neurosurg 62(suppl_5):ONS471\u2013ONS480","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000360226","volume":"92","author":"B Balanescu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balanescu B, Franklin R, Ciurea J, Mindruta I, Rasina A, Bobulescu RC, Donos C, Barborica A (2014) A personalized stereotactic fixture for implantation of depth electrodes in stereoelectroencephalography. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 92(2):117\u2013125","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR6","unstructured":"Bancaud J, Talairach J (1967) La st\u00e9r\u00e9o-electroenc\u00e9phalographie dans l\u2019\u00e9pilepsie. Informations neurophisiopathologiques apport\u00e9es par l\u2019investigation fonctionnelle st\u00e9r\u00e9otaxique. 495\u2013496"},{"issue":"6","key":"4755_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.JNS181164","volume":"131","author":"P Bourdillon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bourdillon P, Ch\u00e2tillon C-E, Moles A, Rheims S, Catenoix H, Montavont A, Ostrowsky-Coste K, Boulogne S, Isnard J, Gu\u00e9not M (2019) Effective accuracy of stereoelectroencephalography: robotic 3D versus Talairach orthogonal approaches. J Neurosurg 131(6):1938\u20131946","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.104","volume":"104","author":"O Bradac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bradac O, Steklacova A, Nebrenska K, Vrana J, de Lacy P, Benes V (2017) Accuracy of VarioGuide Frameless Stereotactic System against frame-based stereotaxy: prospective, randomized, single-center study. World Neurosurg 104:831\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.104","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Budke M, Avecillas-Chasin JM, Villarejo F (2017) Implantation of depth electrodes in children using VarioGuide\u00ae Frameless Navigation System: technical note. Oper Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opx192","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx192"},{"issue":"12","key":"4755_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3720-8","volume":"160","author":"S Candela-Cant\u00f3","year":"2018","unstructured":"Candela-Cant\u00f3 S, Aparicio J, L\u00f3pez JM et al (2018) Frameless robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography for refractory epilepsy in pediatric patients: accuracy, usefulness, and technical issues. Acta Neurochir 160(12):2489\u20132500","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31827d1161","volume":"72","author":"F Cardinale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cardinale F, Cossu M, Castana L et al (2013) Stereoelectroencephalography: surgical methodology, safety, and stereotactic application accuracy in 500 procedures. Neurosurgery 72(3):353\u2013366","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"4755_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19887","volume":"48","author":"G Chaitanya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaitanya G, Romeo AK, Ilyas A, Irannejad A, Toth E, Elsayed G, Bentley JN, Riley KO, Pati S (2020) Robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography exploration of the limbic thalamus in human focal epilepsy: implantation technique and complications in the first 24 patients. Neurosurg Focus 48(4):E2","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000505713","volume":"98","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Huang T, Sun Y, Liao J, Cao D, Li L, Xiang K, Lin C, Li C, Chen Q (2020) Surface-based registration of MR scan versus refined anatomy-based registration of CT scan: effect on the accuracy of SEEG electrodes implantation performed in prone position under frameless neuronavigation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 98(2):73\u201379","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino E, Kanter J, Song Y, Aronson JP (2019) Stereoencephalography electrode placement accuracy and utility using a frameless insertion platform without a rigid cannula. Oper Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opz200","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opz200"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699650040331","volume":"10","author":"KG Davies","year":"1996","unstructured":"Davies KG, Phillips BLB, Hermann BP (1996) MRI confirmation of accuracy of freehand placement of mesial temporal lobe depth electrodes in the investigation of intractable epilepsy. Br J Neurosurg 10(2):175\u2013178","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4755_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.483","volume":"104","author":"AN De Almeida","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Almeida AN, Olivier A, Quesney F, Dubeau F, Savard G, Andermann F (2006) Efficacy of and morbidity associated with stereoelectroencephalography using computerized tomography\u2013or magnetic resonance imaging\u2013guided electrode implantation. J Neurosurg 104(4):483\u2013487","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4755_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.2.FOCUS16579","volume":"42","author":"A De Benedictis","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Benedictis A, Trezza A, Carai A et al (2017) Robot-assisted procedures in pediatric neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 42(5):E7","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"5","key":"4755_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17881","volume":"129","author":"MC Dewan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Shults R, Hale AT et al (2018) Stereotactic EEG via multiple single-path omnidirectional trajectories within a single platform: institutional experience with a novel technique. J Neurosurg 129(5):1173\u20131181","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4755_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000509","volume":"10","author":"C Dorfer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dorfer C, Stefanits H, Pataraia E, Wolfsberger S, Feucht M, Baumgartner C, Czech T (2014) Frameless stereotactic drilling for placement of depth electrodes in refractory epilepsy:operative technique and initial experience. Oper Neurosurg 10(4):582\u2013591","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4755_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.5.JNS16388","volume":"126","author":"C Dorfer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dorfer C, Minchev G, Czech T, Stefanits H, Feucht M, Pataraia E, Baumgartner C, Kronreif G, Wolfsberger S (2017) A novel miniature robotic device for frameless implantation of depth electrodes in refractory epilepsy. J Neurosurg 126(5):1622\u20131628","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690220131705","volume":"16","author":"NL Dorward","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dorward NL, Paleologos TS, Alberti O, Thomas DGT (2002) The advantages of frameless stereotactic biopsy over frame-based biopsy. Br J Neurosurg 16(2):110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688690220131705","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR22","volume-title":"Surgical treatment of the epilepsies","year":"1993","unstructured":"Engel J (ed) (1993) Surgical treatment of the epilepsies, 2nd edn. Raven Press, New York","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"4755_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","volume":"58","author":"RS Fisher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA et al (2017) Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 58(4):522\u2013530","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"9","key":"4755_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.tn.2017-0110","volume":"57","author":"A Fujimoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujimoto A, Okanishi T, Kanai S, Sato K, Nishimura M, Enoki H (2017) Neuronavigation-guided frameless Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG). Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 57(9):496\u2013502","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4755_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1159\/000249818","volume":"87","author":"S Gil Robles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gil Robles S, Gelisse P, El Fertit H, Tancu C, Duffau H, Crespel A, Coubes P (2009) Parasagittal transinsular electrodes for stereo-EEG in temporal and insular lobe epilepsies. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 87(6):368\u2013378","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03672.x","volume":"54","author":"J Gonzalez-Martinez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Martinez J, Bulacio J, Alexopoulos A, Jehi L, Bingaman W, Najm I (2013) Stereoelectroencephalography in the \u201cdifficult to localize\u201d refractory focal epilepsy: early experience from a North American epilepsy center: SEEG in the United States. Epilepsia 54(2):323\u2013330","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000453","volume":"75","author":"J Gonzalez-Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Martinez J, Mullin J, Bulacio J, Gupta A, Enatsu R, Najm I, Bingaman W, Wyllie E, Lachhwani D (2014) Stereoelectroencephalography in children and adolescents with difficult-to-localize refractory focal epilepsy. Neurosurgery 75(3):258\u2013268","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001034","volume":"78","author":"J Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez J, Bulacio J, Thompson S, Gale J, Smithason S, Najm I, Bingaman W (2016) Technique, results, and complications related to robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography. Neurosurgery 78(2):169\u2013180","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.JNS18749","volume":"132","author":"RE Gross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gross RE, Sung EK, Mulligan P, Laxpati NG, Mayo DA, Rolston JD (2020) Accuracy of frameless image-guided implantation of depth electrodes for intracranial epilepsy monitoring. J Neurosurg 132(3):681\u2013691","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2017.11.008","volume":"48","author":"M Gu\u00e9not","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9not M, Lebas A, Devaux B et al (2018) Surgical technique. Neurophysiol Clin 48(1):39\u201346","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2017.240","volume":"45","author":"JA Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall JA, Khoo HM (2018) Robotic-assisted and image-guided MRI-compatible stereoelectroencephalography. Can J Neurol Sci J Can Sci Neurol 45(1):35\u201343","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci J Can Sci Neurol"},{"key":"4755_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.143","volume":"128","author":"JC Iordanou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iordanou JC, Camara D, Ghatan S, Panov F (2019) Approach angle affects accuracy in robotic stereoelectroencephalography lead placement. World Neurosurg 128:e322\u2013e328","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100012944","volume":"40","author":"J Kassiri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kassiri J, Pugh J, Carline S, Jurasek L, Snyder T, Wheatley M, Sinclair DB (2013) Depth electrodes in pediatric epilepsy surgery. Can J Neurol Sci J Can Sci Neurol 40(1):48\u201355","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci J Can Sci Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00703-2","volume":"16","author":"JS Katz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katz JS, Abel TJ (2019) Stereoelectroencephalography versus subdural electrodes for localization of the epileptogenic zone: what is the evidence? Neurotherapeutics 16(1):59\u201366","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4755_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x","volume":"51","author":"P Kwan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, Brodie MJ, Allen Hauser W, Mathern G, Mosh\u00e9 SL, Perucca E, Wiebe S, French J (2009) Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies: definition of drug resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 51(6):1069\u20131077","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4755_CR36","first-page":"S1","volume":"8","author":"HO L\u00fcders","year":"2006","unstructured":"L\u00fcders HO, Najm I, Nair D, Widdess-Walsh P, Bingman W (2006) The epileptogenic zone: general principles. Epileptic Disord 8(Suppl 2):S1\u2013S9","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.05.006","volume":"39","author":"AI Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta AI, Brufsky AM, Sampson JH (2013) Therapeutic approaches for HER2-positive brain metastases: circumventing the blood\u2013brain barrier. Cancer Treat Rev 39(3):261\u2013269","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000431372","volume":"94","author":"MJ Mirzayan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirzayan MJ, von Roden M, Bulacio J, von Podewils F, Gonzalez-Martinez J (2016) The usefulness of intraoperative cerebral C-arm CT angiogram for implantation of intracranial depth electrodes in stereotactic electroencephalography procedure. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 94(1):10\u201317","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13298","volume":"57","author":"JP Mullin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mullin JP, Shriver M, Alomar S, Najm I, Bulacio J, Chauvel P, Gonzalez-Martinez J (2016) Is SEEG safe? A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereo-electroencephalography-related complications. Epilepsia 57(3):386\u2013401","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"4755_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000351524","volume":"91","author":"CN Munyon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Munyon CN, Koubeissi MZ, Syed TU, L\u00fcders HO, Miller JP (2013) Accuracy of frame-based stereotactic depth electrode implantation during craniotomy for subdural grid placement. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 91(6):399\u2013403","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690220131886","volume":"16","author":"MA Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy MA, O\u2019Brien TJ, Cook MJ (2002) Insertion of depth electrodes with or without subdural grids using frameless stereotactic guidance systems -- technique and outcome. Br J Neurosurg 16(2):119\u2013125","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR42","first-page":"525","volume":"10","author":"M Nowell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nowell M, Rodionov R, Diehl B, Wehner T, Zombori G, Kinghorn J, Ourselin S, Duncan J, Miserocchi A, McEvoy A (2014) A novel method for implementation of frameless stereoEEG in epilepsy surgery. Neurosurgery 10:525\u2013534","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"4755_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2017.03.002","volume":"63","author":"I Ollivier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ollivier I, Behr C, Cebula H et al (2017) Efficacy and safety in frameless robot-assisted stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) for drug-resistant epilepsy. Neurochirurgie 63(4):286\u2013290","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"issue":"suppl_5","key":"4755_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ons365","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000341532.15867.1C","volume":"64","author":"F Ringel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ringel F, Ingerl D, Ott S, Meyer B (2009) Varioguide: a new frameless image-guided stereotactic system-accuracy study and clinical assessment. Oper Neurosurg 64(suppl_5):ons365\u2013ons373","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4755_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.002","volume":"107","author":"R Rodionov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodionov R, Vollmar C, Nowell M et al (2013) Feasibility of multimodal 3D neuroimaging to guide implantation of intracranial EEG electrodes. Epilepsy Res 107(1\u20132):91\u2013100","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"4755_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.06.114","volume":"94","author":"K Roessler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roessler K, Sommer B, Merkel A, Rampp S, Gollwitzer S, Hamer HM, Buchfelder M (2016) A frameless stereotactic implantation technique for depth electrodes in refractory epilepsy using intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. World Neurosurg 94:206\u2013210","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rollo PS, Rollo MJ, Zhu P, Woolnough O, Tandon N (2020) Oblique trajectory angles in robotic stereo-electroencephalography. J Neurosurg:1\u201310","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.5.JNS20975"},{"key":"4755_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenow F, L\u00fcders H (2001) Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain:1683\u20131700","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1683"},{"issue":"5","key":"4755_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.JNS132306","volume":"121","author":"D Serletis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Serletis D, Bulacio J, Bingaman W, Najm I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez J (2014) The stereotactic approach for mapping epileptic networks: a prospective study of 200 patients. J Neurosurg 121(5):1239\u20131246","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.PEDS18227","volume":"23","author":"JD Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma JD, Seunarine KK, Tahir MZ, Tisdall MM (2019) Accuracy of robot-assisted versus optical frameless navigated stereoelectroencephalography electrode placement in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 23(3):297\u2013302","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"4755_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255390.92785.A4","volume":"60","author":"MB Shenai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shenai MB, Ross DA, Sagher O (2007) The use of multiplanar trajectory planning in the stereotactic placement of depth electrodes. Oper Neurosurg 60:272\u2013276","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/25\/9\/E19","volume":"25","author":"WJ Spire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spire WJ, Jobst BC, Thadani VM, Williamson PD, Darcey TM, Roberts DW (2008) Robotic image-guided depth electrode implantation in the evaluation of medically intractable epilepsy: technical note. Neurosurg Focus 25(3):E19","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"4755_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.11.002","volume":"91","author":"A Spyrantis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spyrantis A, Cattani A, Woebbecke T, Konczalla J, Strzelczyk A, Rosenow F, Wagner M, Seifert V, Kudernatsch M, Freiman TM (2019) Electrode placement accuracy in robot-assisted epilepsy surgery: a comparison of different referencing techniques including frame-based CT versus facial laser scan based on CT or MRI. Epilepsy Behav 91:38\u201347","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"4755_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/25\/9\/E20","volume":"25","author":"RM Stuart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stuart RM, Goodman RR (2008) Novel use of a custom stereotactic frame for placement of depth electrodes for epilepsy monitoring. Neurosurg Focus 25(3):E20","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"4755_CR55","first-page":"119","volume":"105","author":"J Talairach","year":"1961","unstructured":"Talairach J, Banchuud J, Bonis A (1961) Investigations fonctionelles st\u00e9r\u00e9otaxiques dans l\u2019\u00e9pilepsie. Rev Neurol 105:119\u2013130","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4755_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09213-3","volume":"266","author":"J Thorsteinsdottir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thorsteinsdottir J, Vollmar C, Tonn J-C, Kreth F-W, Noachtar S, Peraud A (2019) Outcome after individualized stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) implantation and navigated resection in patients with lesional and non-lesional focal epilepsy. J Neurol 266(4):910\u2013920","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4755_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13713","volume":"58","author":"VN Vakharia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vakharia VN, Sparks R, O\u2019Keeffe AG, Rodionov R, Miserocchi A, McEvoy A, Ourselin S, Duncan J (2017) Accuracy of intracranial electrode placement for stereoelectroencephalography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 58(6):921\u2013932","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"9","key":"4755_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3242-9","volume":"159","author":"LE Van der Loo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van der Loo LE, Schijns OEMG, Hoogland G, Colon AJ, Wagner GL, Dings JTA, Kubben PL (2017) Methodology, outcome, safety and in vivo accuracy in traditional frame-based stereoelectroencephalography. Acta Neurochir 159(9):1733\u20131746","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"4755_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.041","volume":"87","author":"N Verburg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verburg N, Baayen JC, Idema S, Klitsie MAJ, Claus S, de Jonge CS, Vandertop WP, de Witt Hamer PC (2016) In vivo accuracy of a frameless stereotactic drilling technique for diagnostic biopsies and stereoelectroencephalography depth electrodes. World Neurosurg 87:392\u2013398","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"4755_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2543-0","volume":"157","author":"ISC Verploegh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verploegh ISC, Volovici V, Haitsma IK, Schouten JW, Dirven CM, Kros JM, Dammers R (2015) Contemporary frameless intracranial biopsy techniques: might variation in safety and efficacy be expected? Acta Neurochir 157(11):2011\u20132016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"11","key":"4755_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12375","volume":"54","author":"J Wellmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wellmer J, Quesada CM, Rothe L, Elger CE, Bien CG, Urbach H (2013) Proposal for a magnetic resonance imaging protocol for the detection of epileptogenic lesions at early outpatient stages. Epilepsia 54(11):1977\u20131987","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"4755_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"West S, Nolan SJ, Cotton J, Gandhi S, Weston J, Sudan A, Ramirez R, Newton R (2015) Surgery for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010541.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010541.pub2"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.441","volume":"8","author":"G Widmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Widmann G, Schullian P, Ortler M, Bale R (2012) Frameless stereotactic targeting devices: technical features, targeting errors and clinical results: frameless stereotactic targeting devices. Int J Med Robot 8(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"issue":"2","key":"4755_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.35100.x","volume":"42","author":"HG Wieser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wieser HG, Blume WT, Fish D, Goldensohn E, Hufnagel A, King D, Sperling MR, L\u00fcders H, Pedley TA, Commission on Neurosurgery of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 1997-2001 (2008) Proposal for a new classification of outcome with respect to epileptic seizures following epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 42(2):282\u2013286","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4755_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.1.0138","volume":"78","author":"H-S Yeh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yeh H-S, Taha JM, Tobler WD (1993) Implantation of intracerebral depth electrodes for monitoring seizures using the Pelorus stereotactic system guided by magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 78(1):138\u2013141","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"4755_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.089","volume":"109","author":"H Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu H, Pistol C, Franklin R, Barborica A (2018) Clinical accuracy of customized stereotactic fixtures for stereoelectroencephalography. World Neurosurg 109:82\u201388","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"23","key":"4755_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007106","volume":"96","author":"G Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang G, Chen G, Meng D, Liu Y, Chen J, Shu L, Liu W (2017) Stereoelectroencephalography based on the Leksell stereotactic frame and neurotech operation planning software. Medicine (Baltimore) 96(23):e7106","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-021-04755-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-021-04755-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-021-04755-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T02:09:06Z","timestamp":1618798146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-021-04755-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-021-04755-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6268","0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6268","type":"print"},{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee (ethics committee of the University of Helsinki, Finland) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study formal consent is not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Herbert Krainz has a paid consultancy contract with BrainLab AG, Germany. All other authors have no personal or financial interest in any of devices described in this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}