{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:18:21Z","timestamp":1787613501227,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production rate in humans is not clearly defined but is estimated to be 18\u201324 ml\/h (Trevisi et al\u00a0Croat Med J 55(4):377\u2013387 (24); Casey and Vries\u00a0Childs Nerv Syst 5(5):332\u2013334 (8)). A frequent clinical observation is that patients often drain higher volumes of CSF than can be explained by the assumed \u2018normal\u2019 CSF production rate (PRcsf). In the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery PRcsf was recorded in a variety of common neurosurgical pathologies using LiquoGuard7, an automated peristaltic pump that accurately controls CSF drainage and maintains a pre-set CSF pressure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A prospective observational study was performed from September 2021 onwards, on all patients in the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery who required CSF drainage as part of their ongoing treatment. The external drain was connected to a LiquoGuard7 pump (M\u00f6ller Medical GmbH, Fulda, Germany), and the internal software of LiquoGuard7 was used to measure PRcsf. Statistical analysis used SPSS (version 25.0, IBM) by paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test, comparing measured rates to hypothetical \u2018normal\u2019 CSF production rates calculated and published by Ekstedt (16\u201334ml\/h) (Ekstedt\u00a0J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41(4):345\u2013353 (14)), assuming a similar distribution.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PRcsf was calculated in 164 patients. Suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=41): PRcsf of 79ml\/h\u00b120SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Post-surgical CSF leak (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=26): PRcsf of 90ml\/h\u00b120SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Subarachnoid haemorrhage (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=34): PRcsf of 143ml\/h\u00b19SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Intracerebral haemorrhage (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=22): PRcsf of 137ml\/h\u00b120SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Spinal lesions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=7): PRcsf of 130ml\/h\u00b120SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0032). Pituitary adenomas (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=10): PRcsf of 29 ml\/h\u00b19SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.049). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=15): PRcsf of 86ml\/h\u00b110SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Decompensated long-standing overt ventriculomegaly (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=4): PRcsf of 65ml\/h\u00b110SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Cerebral infection (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=5): PRcsf of 90ml\/h\u00b120SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Net CSF production rate may be higher than expected in many conditions, as measured with new device LiquoGuard7 through the study of net flow rate, which may have implications for clinical decisions on CSF diversion. The conventional understanding of CSF production and circulation does not explain the findings of this study. More extensive studies are needed to validate this technique.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-023-05650-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T11:39:02Z","timestamp":1687606742000},"page":"2309-2319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid production rate in various pathological conditions: a preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanza","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sogha","family":"Khawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Amarouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Elborady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"5650_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts S et al (2021) Implementation of an automated cerebrospinal fluid drainage system for early mobilization in neurosurgical patients. 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