{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:13:03Z","timestamp":1776939183233,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006390","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lausanne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006390","name":"University of Lausanne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Intrathecal vasoactive drugs have been proposed in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) to manage cerebral vasospasm (CV). We analyzed the efficacy of intracisternal nicardipine compared to intraventricular administration to a control group (CG) to determine its impact on delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and functional outcomes. Secondary outcomes included the need for intra-arterial angioplasties and the safety profile.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of all adult patients admitted for a high modified Fisher grade aSAH between January 2015 and April 2022. All patients with significant radiological CV were included. Three groups of patients were defined based on the CV management: cisternal nicardipine (CN), ventricular nicardipine (VN), and no intrathecal nicardipine (control group).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria. Eleven patients received intracisternal nicardipine, 18 intraventricular nicardipine, and 41 belonged to the control group. No cases of DCI were observed in the CN group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). Patients with intracisternal nicardipine had a reduced number of intra-arterial angioplasties when compared to the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). The safety profile analysis showed no difference in complications across the three groups. Intrathecal (ventricular or cisternal) nicardipine therapy improved functional outcomes at 6\u00a0months (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) when compared to the control group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Administration of intrathecal nicardipine for moderate to severe CV reduces the rate of DCI and improved long-term functional outcomes in patients with high modified Fisher grade aSAH. This study also showed a relative benefit of cisternal over intraventricular nicardipine, thereby reducing the number of angioplasties performed in the post-treatment phase. However, these preliminary results should be confirmed with future prospective studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06023-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T01:14:44Z","timestamp":1710292484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cisternal nicardipine for prevention of delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparative retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Vandenbulcke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Messerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Garvayo Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Starnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Giammattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawfel","family":"Ben-Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Puccinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Saliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy T.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000140837.63105.78","volume":"55","author":"N Andaluz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andaluz N, Zuccarello M (2004) Fenestration of the lamina terminalis as a valuable adjunct in aneurysm surgery. Neurosurg 55(5):1050\u20131059","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6023_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000254601.74596.0f","volume":"38","author":"M Barth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barth M, Capelle H-H, Weidauer S, Weiss C, M\u00fcnch E, Thome C, Luecke T, Schmiedek P, Kasuya H, Vajkoczy P (2007) Effect of nicardipine prolonged-release implants on cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38(2):330\u2013336","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"6023_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2010.548878","volume":"25","author":"M Barth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barth M, Pena P, Seiz M, Thom\u00e9 C, Muench E, Weidauer S, Hattingen E, Kasuya H, Schmiedek P (2011) Feasibility of intraventricular nicardipine prolonged release implants in patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 25(6):677\u2013683","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"6023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4702-y","volume":"27","author":"G Boulouis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boulouis G, Labeyrie MA, Raymond J et al (2017) Treatment of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 27(8):3333\u20133342","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"6023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.02.067","volume":"162","author":"VVR Chandra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandra VVR, Mowliswara Prasad BC, Banavath HN, Chandrasekhar Reddy K (2022) Cisternostomy versus decompressive craniectomy for the management of traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. World Neurosurg 162:e58\u2013e64","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6023_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24145","volume":"96","author":"I Cherian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cherian I, Beltran M, Landi A, Alafaci C, Torregrossa F, Grasso G (2018) Introducing the concept of \u201cCSF-shift edema\u201d in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 96(4):744\u2013752","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"6023_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.01.072","volume":"89","author":"I Cherian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cherian I, Bernardo A, Grasso G (2016) Cisternostomy for traumatic brain injury: pathophysiologic mechanisms and surgical technical notes. World Neurosurg 89:51\u201357","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182587839","volume":"43","author":"ES Connolly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Connolly ES, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR et al (2012) Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke 43(6):1711\u20131737","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6023_CR9","first-page":"628597","volume":"2014","author":"G Cossu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cossu G, Messerer M, Oddo M, Daniel RT (2014) To look beyond vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Biomed Res Int 2014:628597","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"6023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0575-y","volume":"51","author":"JW Dankbaar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dankbaar JW, Rijsdijk M, Van Der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, Wermer MJH, Rinkel GJE (2009) Relationship between vasospasm, cerebral perfusion, and delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiol 51(12):813\u2013819","journal-title":"Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6023_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8886","volume":"14","author":"JW Dankbaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJC, Rinkel GJE, Schaaf ICVD (2010) Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care 14(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"6023_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9054-2","volume":"8","author":"R Dhar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dhar R, Diringer MN (2008) The burden of the systemic inflammatory response predicts vasospasm and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 8(3):404\u2013412","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"6023_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.103","volume":"125","author":"V Dodson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dodson V, Majmundar N, El-Ghanem M et al (2019) Intracranial administration of nicardipine after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of the literature. World Neurosurg 125:511-518.e1","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.492447","volume":"39","author":"AT Fraticelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser M-R, Saint Maurice J-P, Payen D (2008) Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 39(3):893\u2013898","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"6023_CR15","first-page":"529","volume":"59","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Claassen J, Schmidt JM, Wartenberg KE, Temes R, Connolly ES, Macdonald RL, Mayer SA (2006) Prediction of symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemmorrage: the modified fisher scale. Neurosurg 59(7):529\u2013538","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05445-x","volume":"165","author":"M Garvayo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garvayo M, Messerer M, Starnoni D, Puccinelli F, Vandenbulcke A, Daniel RT, Cossu G (2023) The positive impact of cisternostomy with cisternal drainage on delayed hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 165(1):187\u2013195","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"6023_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.085","volume":"109","author":"L Giammattei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giammattei L, Messerer M, Oddo M, Borsotti F, Levivier M, Daniel RT (2018) Cisternostomy for refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. World Neurosurg 109:460\u2013463","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6023_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04222-y","volume":"162","author":"L Giammattei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giammattei L, Starnoni D, Maduri R et al (2020) Implementation of cisternostomy as adjuvant to decompressive craniectomy for the management of severe brain trauma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 162(3):469\u2013479","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0659-9","volume":"31","author":"S Hafeez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafeez S, Grandhi R (2019) Systematic review of intrathecal nicardipine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 31(2):399\u2013405","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"6023_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haley ECJ, Kassell NF, Torner JC (1993) A randomized trial of nicardipine in subarachnoid hemorrhage: angiographic and transcranial Doppler ultrasound results. A report of the cooperative aneurysm study. J Neurosurg 78(4):548\u2013553","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.4.0548"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"6023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01809552","volume":"80","author":"U Ito","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ito U, Tomita H, Yamazaki S, Takada Y, Inaba Y (1986) Enhanced cisternal drainage and cerebral vasospasm in early aneurysm surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 80(1\u20132):18\u201323","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"8","key":"6023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.01.006","volume":"22","author":"R Jabbarli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jabbarli R, Gl\u00e4sker S, Weber J, Taschner C, Olschewski M, Van Velthoven V (2013) Predictors of severity of cerebral vasospasm caused by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 22(8):1332\u20131339","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"6023_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000014563.75483.22","volume":"33","author":"H Kasuya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kasuya H, Onda H, Takeshita M, Okada Y, Hori T (2002) Efficacy and safety of nicardipine prolonged-release implants for preventing vasospasm in humans. Stroke 33(4):1011\u20131015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.02.037","volume":"144","author":"S-B Ko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ko S-B, Choi HA, Helbok R, Kurtz P, Schmidt JM, Badjatia N, Claassen J, Connolly ES, Mayer SA, Lee K (2016) Acute effects of intraventricular nicardipine on cerebral hemodynamics: a preliminary finding. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 144:48\u201352","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.10.JNS162227","volume":"128","author":"M Koyanagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, Handa A, Chin M, Yamagata S (2018) Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 128(3):717\u2013722","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6023_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.083","volume":"126","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li K, Barras CD, Chandra RV, Kok HK, Maingard JT, Carter NS, Russell JH, Lai L, Brooks M, Asadi H (2019) A review of the management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 126:513\u2013527","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6023_CR27","first-page":"59","volume":"72","author":"KF Lindegaard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lindegaard KF (1999) The role of transcranial doppler in the management of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage\u2013a review. Acta Neurochir Suppl 72:59\u201371","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"6023_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozier AP, Sciacca RR, Romagnoli MF, Connolly Jr ES (2002) Ventriculostomy-related infections: a critical review of the literature. 51(1):227\u2013233","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200207000-00024"},{"issue":"3","key":"6023_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-011-9659-8","volume":"16","author":"N Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu N, Jackson D, Luke S, Festic E, Hanel RA, Freeman WD (2012) Intraventricular nicardipine for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage related vasospasm: assessment of 90 days outcome. Neurocrit Care 16(3):368\u2013375","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"6023_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.634071","volume":"43","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Hunsche E, Sch\u00fcler R, Wlodarczyk J, Mayer SA (2012) Quality of life and healthcare resource use associated with angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 43(4):1082\u20131088","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"6023_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000363153.62579.FF","volume":"66","author":"M Nishiguchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishiguchi M, Ono S, Iseda K, Manabe H, Hishikawa T, Date I (2010) Effect of vasodilation by milrinone, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, on vasospastic arteries after a subarachnoid hemorrhage in vitro and in vivo: effectiveness of cisternal injection of milrinone. Neurosurg 66(1):158\u2013164","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6023_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199108000-00003","volume":"29","author":"A Pasqualin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pasqualin A, Vollmer DG, Marron JA, Tsukahara T, Kassell NF, Torner JC (1991) The effect of nicardipine on vasospasm in rabbit basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg 29(2):183\u2013188","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6023_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS14290","volume":"122","author":"M Pegoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pegoli M, Mandrekar J, Rabinstein AA, Lanzino G (2015) Predictors of excellent functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 122(2):414\u2013418","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"10","key":"6023_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018397","volume":"48","author":"R Roelz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roelz R, Coenen VA, Scheiwe C, Niesen WD, Egger K, Csok I, Kraeutle R, Jabbarli R, Urbach H, Reinacher PC (2017) Stereotactic catheter ventriculocisternostomy for clearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a matched cohort study. Stroke 48(10):2704\u20132709","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6023_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roelz R, Schaefer JH, Scheiwe C et al (2020) Impact of stereotactic ventriculocisternostomy on delayed cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 431\u2013439","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027424"},{"issue":"1","key":"6023_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.12.JNS203673","volume":"136","author":"O Sadan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadan O, Waddel H, Moore R et al (2022) Does intrathecal nicardipine for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage correlate with reduced delayed cerebral ischemia? A retrospective propensity score-based analysis. J Neurosurg 136(1):115\u2013124","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"6023_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01404143","volume":"88","author":"S Sakaki","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sakaki S, Ohta S, Kuwabara H, Shiraishi M (1987) The role of ventricular and cisternal drainage in the early operation for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 88(3\u20134):87\u201394","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"6023_CR38","first-page":"35","volume":"110","author":"GA Schubert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schubert GA, Seiz M, Hegewald AA, Manville J, Thom\u00e9 C (2011) Hypoperfusion in the acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 110(Pt 1):35\u201338","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"6023_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01401450","volume":"131","author":"M Shibuya","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shibuya M, Suzuki Y, Enomoto H, Okada T, Ogura K, Sugita K (1994) Effects of prophylactic intrathecal administrations of nicardipine on vasospasm in patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 131(1\u20132):19\u201325","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6023_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-5868(94)90012-4","volume":"1","author":"M Shibuya","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shibuya M, Suzuki Y, Takayasu M, Asano T, Ikegaki I, Sugita K (1994) Effects of intrathecal administration of nicardipine and nifedipine on chronic cerebral vasospasm in dogs. J Clin Neurosci 1(1):58\u201361","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"6023_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000359317.15269.20","volume":"65","author":"MV Springer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Springer MV, Schmidt JM, Wartenberg KE, Frontera JA, Badjatia N, Mayer SA (2009) Predictors of global cognitive impairment 1 year after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg 65(6):1041\u20131043","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6023_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s101430100152","volume":"24","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Doi M, Otawara Y, Ogasawara K, Ogawa A (2001) Intrathecal administration of nicardipine hydrochloride to prevent vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev 24(4):180\u2013184","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"6023_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111580","volume":"13","author":"A Vandenbulcke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vandenbulcke A, Messerer M, Daniel RT, Cossu G (2023) The role of cisternostomy and cisternal drainage in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comprehensive review. Brain Sci 13(11):1580","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"6023_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.74","volume":"28","author":"MDI Vergouwen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vergouwen MDI, Vermeulen M, Coert BA, Stroes ESG, Roos YBWEM (2008) Microthrombosis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an additional explanation for delayed cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(11):1761\u20131770","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"6023_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.589275","volume":"41","author":"MDI Vergouwen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vergouwen MDI, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J et al (2010) Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke J Cereb Circ 41(10):2391\u20132395","journal-title":"Stroke J Cereb Circ"},{"issue":"4","key":"6023_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","volume":"61","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2008) The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol 61(4):344\u2013349","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6023_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9307-8","volume":"12","author":"A Webb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webb A, Kolenda J, Martin K, Wright W, Samuels O (2010) The effect of intraventricular administration of nicardipine on mean cerebral blood flow velocity measured by transcranial Doppler in the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 12(2):159\u2013164","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"November","key":"6023_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.5.JNS163271","volume":"129","author":"EA Winkler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Winkler EA, Burkhardt J, Rutledge WC, Rick JW, Partow CP, Yue JK, Birk H, Bach AM, Raygor KP, Lawton MT (2018) Reduction of shunt dependency rates following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage by tandem fenestration of the lamina terminalis and membrane of Liliequist during microsurgical aneurysm repair. J Neurosurg 129(November):1166\u20131172","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6023_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a universal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scale (1988) J Neurosurg 68(6):985\u2013986","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.6.0985"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-024-06023-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-024-06023-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-024-06023-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:01:06Z","timestamp":1740171666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-024-06023-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-024-06023-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional review board and ethics committee approval were obtained. The study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. For this retrospective study, formal consent is not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"133"}}