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Outcomes were serious head injury defined as maximum AIS severity score\u2009\u2265\u20093 in the AIS region Head, any cranial neurosurgical procedure, and 30-day mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 1256 hospitalized bicyclists were included. The median age was 41\u00a0years (quartiles 26\u201353), 73% were male, 5.3% had severe pre-injury comorbidities, and 54% wore a helmet at the time of injury. Serious head injury occurred in 30%, 9% underwent a cranial neurosurgical procedure, and 30-day mortality was 2%. Compared to non-helmeted bicyclists, helmeted bicyclists were older (43\u00a0years, quartiles 27\u201354, vs. 38\u00a0years, quartiles 23\u201353, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05), less often crashed during night-time (21% vs. 38%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), less frequently had serious head injury (22% vs. 38%, OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.22\u20130.39), and less often underwent cranial neurosurgery (6% vs. 14%, OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.24\u20130.54). No statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality between the two groups was found (1.5% vs. 2.9%, OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.22\u20131.11).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Helmet use was associated with fewer and less severe head injuries and fewer neurosurgical procedures. This adds evidence to the protective capabilities of bicycle helmets.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06294-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T02:01:41Z","timestamp":1728439301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bicycle helmets are associated with fewer and less severe head injuries and fewer neurosurgical procedures"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2014-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingar","family":"N\u00e6ss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"D\u00f8ving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9363-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Galteland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5181-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils Oddvar","family":"Skaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-4538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Eken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5758-6485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirik","family":"Helseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9224-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Ramm-Pettersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6294_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02785-0","author":"F Abayazid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abayazid F, Ding K, Zimmerman K, Stigson H, Ghajari M (2021) A new assessment of bicycle helmets: the brain injury mitigation effects of new technologies in oblique impacts. 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It was retrospective, non-interventional, and based on de-identified trauma register data only.\u00a0The study protocol was approved and informed consent was waived by the Oslo University Hospital Data Protection Officer, who in this matter acted on behalf of South-East Norway Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics and the Norwegian Data Protection Authority (17\/18831).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Ingar N\u00e6ss has received an unrestricted grant from the Norwegian Safety Forum for his research. Norwegian Safety Forum is a national non-profit organization, which works to promote societal awareness of safety measures and injury prevention. The authors report no further conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"398"}}