{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:20:08Z","timestamp":1770978008983,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Intracranial venous sinus stenting (VSS) was initially developed as an alternative approach to addressing venous outflow obstruction in the context of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). In recent years, the technique has been increasingly used for other conditions involving venous compromise beyond overt IIH. The aim of this study was to describe the nature and volume of literature considering clinical applications and efficacy of VSS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and various grey literature sources. Articles published since the introduction of VSS in 2002 were included. Independent screening of articles occurred in two stages: title-and-abstract and full-text screening. Relevant data was extracted and evidence mapping with narrative synthesis followed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The search strategy yielded 1814 articles, of which 165 were included in this review. A total of 27 additional clinical indications of VSS beyond overt IIH were identified, spanning a diverse range of neurological pathology. Most evidence came from case reports, with the United States being the commonest study origin. Focal stenotic lesions and stenting locations were distributed throughout the dural sinus anatomy. An outline of patient outcomes reported by VSS providers is presented, with pulsatile tinnitus and visual impairment showing the greatest likelihood of clinical resolution.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This scoping review demonstrates the wider clinical utility and therapeutic potential of VSS beyond overt IIH. We also highlight the need for further studies to assess efficacy for each respective indication and clinical standardisation of VSS practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06514-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T06:42:30Z","timestamp":1745563350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical indications and patient outcomes of intracranial venous sinus stenting beyond overt idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6625-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva A.","family":"Nischal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasu","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaan","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Pickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Nicholas P.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis J.","family":"Joannides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Munn Z (2020) JBI manual for evidence synthesis (JBI).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIMES-20-01","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-01"},{"issue":"1","key":"6514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009211029261","volume":"35","author":"A Arun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arun A, Amans MR, Higgins N et al (2022) A proposed framework for cerebral venous congestion. Neuroradiol J 35(1):94\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19714009211029261","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3512","volume":"51","author":"M Bach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bach M, Wilke M, Wilhelm B et al (2010) Basic quantitative assessment of visual performance in patients with very low vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(2):1255\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-3512","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6514_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02731-0","volume":"22","author":"C Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai C, Chen Z, Wu X et al (2022) Safety and efficacy comparison between OACs plus single antiplatelet and dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with cerebral venous sinus stenosis poststenting. BMC Neurol 22(1):209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-022-02731-0","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"6514_CR5","unstructured":"Baraness L, Baker AM (2023) Acute Headache. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554510\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-017074","volume":"13","author":"A Beer-Furlan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beer-Furlan A, Munich SA, Chen M (2021) Augmenting superior sagittal sinus functionality. commentary: motor neuroprosthesis implanted with neurointerventional surgery improves capacity for activities of daily living tasks in severe paralysis-first in human experience. J Neurointerv Surg 13(2):100\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-017074","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6514_CR7","first-page":"25","volume":"10","author":"SR Boddu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boddu SR, Gobin P, Oliveria C et al (2018) Pressure variations in cerebral venous sinuses of idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients. J Vasc Interv Neurol 10(1):25","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Neurol"},{"key":"6514_CR8","unstructured":"Bourdillon P (2022) Stenting Versus Neurosurgical Treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. (HYDROPTIC).&nbsp;ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05050864. Updated July 27, 2022. Accessed November 11, 2022. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05050864"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.03.001","volume":"21","author":"A Chiarotto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiarotto A, Ostelo RW, Turk DC et al (2017) Core outcome sets for research and clinical practice. Braz J Phys Ther 21(2):77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.03.001","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2019-015498","volume":"12","author":"KM Fargen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fargen KM (2020) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is not idiopathic: proposal for a new nomenclature and patient classification. J Neurointerv Surg 12(2):110\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2019-015498","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2024.02.001","volume":"42","author":"DI Friedman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Friedman DI (2024) The Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome. Neurol Clin 42(2):433\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2024.02.001","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"6514_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992416","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.992416","volume":"13","author":"X Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao X, Hsieh YL, Wang S et al (2022) Intracranial pressure, lateral sinus patency, and jugular ultrasound hemodynamics in patients with venous pulsatile tinnitus. Front Neurol 13:992416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.992416","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grierson KE, Bou-Haidar P, Dumper J, et al (2018) The assessment of pulsatile tinnitus\u2014a systematic review of underlying pathologies and modern diagnostic approaches. Australian J Otolaryngol 1 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/ajo.2018.09.08","DOI":"10.21037\/ajo.2018.09.08"},{"key":"6514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S193027","volume":"12","author":"SP Gurney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gurney SP, Ramalingam S, Thomas A et al (2020) Exploring The Current Management Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, And Understanding The Role Of Dural Venous Sinus Stenting. Eye Brain 12:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/EB.S193027","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"issue":"9302","key":"6514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07440-8","volume":"359","author":"JN Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JN, Owler BK, Cousins C et al (2002) Venous sinus stenting for refractory benign intracranial hypertension. Lancet 359(9302):228\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07440-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"aop","key":"6514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.6.JNS23607","volume":"1","author":"JNP Higgins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Higgins JNP, Kirollos SR, Helmy A et al (2023) Technical considerations and long-term results of endovascular venous stenting to control venous hypertension from meningiomas invading intracranial venous sinuses. J Neurosurg 1(aop):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.6.JNS23607","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002095","volume":"91","author":"ME Inam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Inam ME, Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Kole MJ et al (2022) Venous Sinus Stenting for Low Pressure Gradient Stenoses in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Neurosurgery 91(5):734\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/neu.0000000000002095","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"6514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.45.12.2224","volume":"45","author":"JO King","year":"1995","unstructured":"King JO, Mitchell PJ, Thomson KR et al (1995) Cerebral venography and manometry in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology 45(12):2224\u20132228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.45.12.2224","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"6514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.025643","volume":"59","author":"KD Krueger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krueger KD, Mitra AK, DelCore MG et al (2006) A comparison of stent-induced stenosis in coronary and peripheral arteries. J Clin Pathol 59(6):575\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2004.025643","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014328","volume":"11","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li K, Ren M, Meng R et al (2019) Efficacy of stenting in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related cerebral venous sinus stenosis. J Neurointerv Surg 11(3):307\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014328","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6514_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-018136","volume":"14","author":"P Lylyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lylyk P, Lylyk I, Bleise C et al (2022) First-in-human endovascular treatment of hydrocephalus with a miniature biomimetic transdural shunt. J NeuroInterventional Surg 14(5):495\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-018136","journal-title":"J NeuroInterventional Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"6514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317440","volume":"89","author":"SP Mollan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mollan SP, Davies B, Silver NC et al (2018) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: consensus guidelines on management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89(10):1088\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317440","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"6514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-018015","volume":"14","author":"KH Narsinh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Narsinh KH, Hui F, Duvvuri M et al (2022) Management of vascular causes of pulsatile tinnitus. J Neurointerv Surg 14(11):1151\u20131157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-018015","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"6514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.110882","volume":"130","author":"P Nicholas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nicholas P, Higgins J, Borchert RJ, Rao S, Biddle DJ, Santarius T, Joannides AJ (2024) Cranial venous outflow insufficiency; rendered almost invisible to radiological imaging by circular reasoning. Rethinking normal craniocervical venous anatomy. J Clin Neurosci. 130:110882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.110882","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"6514_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014172","volume":"11","author":"P Nicholson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicholson P, Brinjikji W, Radovanovic I et al (2019) Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 11(4):380\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014172","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"6514_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5564","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2369","volume":"8","author":"S Okuchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okuchi S, Rojas-Garcia A, Ulyte A et al (2019) Diagnostic accuracy of dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI in stratifying gliomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 8(12):5564\u20135573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.2369","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"6514_CR27","unstructured":"Oxley T (2021) STENTRODE First in Human Early Feasibility Study (SWITCH). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03834857. Updated September 1, 2021.Accessed August 1, 2022. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03834857"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016862","volume":"13","author":"TJ Oxley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oxley TJ, Yoo PE, Rind GS et al (2021) Motor neuroprosthesis implanted with neurointerventional surgery improves capacity for activities of daily living tasks in severe paralysis: first in-human experience. J Neurointerv Surg 13(2):102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016862","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"6514_CR29","unstructured":"Pataslides A (2020) Venous Sinus Stenting for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Refractory to Medical Therapy (VSSIIH).&nbsp;ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01407809. Updated August 3, 2020. Accessed November 11, 2022. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01407809"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-SNIS.149","volume":"13","author":"A Pataslides","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pataslides A (2022) E-054 The river trial: A prospective single arm trial of stenting the transverse sigmoid sinuses with the river stent in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension resistant to medical therapy. J NeuroInterventional Surg 13(Suppl 1):A1\u2013A156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-SNIS.149","journal-title":"J NeuroInterventional Surg"},{"key":"6514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez MA, Bialer OY, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V (2013) Primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol 33(4):330\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318299c292","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318299c292"},{"issue":"2","key":"6514_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000550","volume":"9","author":"WI Schievink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Maya MM, Jean-Pierre S, Moser FG, Nu\u00f1o M, Pressman BD (2019) Rebound high-pressure headache after treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: MRV study. Neurol Clin Pract 9(2):93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000550","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"6514_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W et al (2018) PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"6514_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0626-1","volume":"9","author":"MI Vargas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vargas MI, Delattre BM, Boto J et al (2018) Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques of the spine and spinal cord in children and adults. Insights Imaging 9:549\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13244-018-0626-1","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"6514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16648711","volume":"36","author":"MH Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson MH (2016) Monro-Kellie 2.0: The dynamic vascular and venous pathophysiological components of intracranial pressure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 36(8):1338\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X16648711","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"16","key":"6514_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1637","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200109","volume":"98","author":"E Winkler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winkler E, Wu D, Gil E et al (2022) Endoluminal biopsy for molecular profiling of human brain vascular malformations. Neurology 98(16):e1637\u2013e1647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200109","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004376","volume":"4","author":"HM Yri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yri HM, Fagerlund B, Forchhammer HB et al (2014) Cognitive function in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a prospective case\u2013control study. BMJ Open 4:e004376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004376","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06514-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06514-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06514-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T06:42:35Z","timestamp":1745563355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06514-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06514-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish."}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests. The views are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"122"}}