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It features an interactive interface for frame registration based on the custom-designed Layerwise Max Intensity Tracking (LMIT) algorithm, automated target\/entry point calculation, and real-time 3D visualization. A retrospective analysis of stereotactic CT data from two hospitals was conducted, comparing BrainStereo with standard planning software to evaluate accuracy and efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>BrainStereo was developed as a comprehensive toolkit integrating frame registration, target and entry point computation, and dynamic 3D visualization. A total of 86 CT datasets from two hospitals were included. The root mean square error (RMSE) for frame registration was 0.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u00a0mm. Computation time for BrainStereo was 5.54\u2009\u00b1\u20091.16\u00a0min, significantly longer than the standard toolkit (4.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83\u00a0min, 95% CI: 4.57\u20134.92 min, p\u2009=\u20090.001), but showed a steeper learning curve. The mean Euclidean distance between target points from both toolkits was 0.82\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21\u00a0mm (95% CI: 0.74\u20130.90 mm), with no significant differences along the X, Y, and Z axes. Entry point deviations were 0.47\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37\u00b0 (p\u2009=\u20090.07 for arc and p\u2009=\u20090.06 for ring). Bland\u2013Altman analysis confirmed strong agreement, supporting BrainStereo\u2019s reliability for stereotactic neurosurgical planning.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>BrainStereo is an open-source stereotactic planning tool that provides neurosurgeons and researchers with a flexible alternative to proprietary software. Integrated within 3D Slicer, it allows for adjustable parameters and modular functionality, addressing some of the limitations commonly associated with commercial solutions, such as hardware restrictions and limited adaptability. By offering open-source access, BrainStereo fosters transparency, collaboration, and broader accessibility, potentially advancing the field of stereotactic neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06564-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T06:26:52Z","timestamp":1748413612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["BrainStereo: clinical application and efficiency evaluation of an open-source stereotactic planning tool"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sifang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhangyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-015-1292-0","volume":"11","author":"C Askeland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Askeland C, Solberg OV, Jonnson E et al (2016) CustusX: an open-source research platform for image-guided therapy. 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