{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:30:47Z","timestamp":1782397847877,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010256","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A04J2214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A04J2214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06595-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:01:49Z","timestamp":1751605309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microelectrode recording-guided globus pallidus pars internus deep brain stimulation treats dystonia under general anaesthesia: a retrospective experience of one center"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Changming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbiao","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6595_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-0953-1","volume":"153","author":"WS Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang WS, Kim HY, Kim JP et al (2011) Bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation using single track microelectrode recording. Acta Neurochir 153(5):1087\u20131095","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"4","key":"6595_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283633696","volume":"26","author":"G Charlesworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charlesworth G, Bhatia KP (2013) Primary and secondary dystonic syndromes: an update. Curr Opin Neurol 26(4):406\u2013412","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6595_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.3.414","volume":"34","author":"MR DeLong","year":"1971","unstructured":"DeLong MR (1971) Activity of pallidal neurons during movement. J Neurophysiol 34(3):414\u2013427","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6595_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.JNS17323","volume":"130","author":"S Horisawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horisawa S, Ochiai T, Goto S et al (2018) Long-term outcome of pallidal stimulation for Meige syndrome. J Neurosurg 130(1):84\u201389","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6595_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.002","volume":"107","author":"A Horn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horn A, K\u00fchn AA (2015) Lead-DBS: A toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localizations and visualizations. Neuroimage 107:127\u2013135","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"6595_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10474","volume":"53","author":"WD Hutchison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hutchison WD, Lang AE, Dostrovsky JO, Lozano AM (2003) Pallidal neuronal activity: implications for models of dystonia. Ann Neurol 53(4):480\u2013488","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6595_CR7","first-page":"S63","volume":"26","author":"M Jahanshahi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jahanshahi M, Czernecki V, Zurowski AM (2011) Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality of life issues in DBS for dystonia. Mov Disord: Off J Mov Disord Soc 26(Suppl 1):S63-78","journal-title":"Mov Disord: Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"6595_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13713","volume":"27","author":"L Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang L, Chen W, Guo Q et al (2021) Eight-year follow-up outcome of subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Maintenance of therapeutic efficacy with a relatively low levodopa dosage and stimulation intensity. CNS Neurosci Ther 27(11):1366\u20131373","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"6595_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-021-00259-y","volume":"10","author":"N Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang N, Ling YT, Yang C et al (2021) Optimized propofol anesthesia increases power of subthalamic neuronal activity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease undergoing deep brain stimulation. Neurology and therapy 10(2):785\u2013802","journal-title":"Neurology and therapy"},{"issue":"19","key":"6595_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063618","volume":"355","author":"A Kupsch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kupsch A, Benecke R, Muller J et al (2006) Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med 355(19):1978\u20131990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6595_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13341","volume":"24","author":"H Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li H, Wang T, Zhang C et al (2021) Asleep deep brain stimulation in patients with isolated dystonia: stereotactic accuracy, efficacy, and safety. Neuromodulation 24(2):272\u2013278","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"6595_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.001","volume":"152","author":"CM Magarinos-Ascone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magarinos-Ascone CM, Regidor I, Gomez-Galan M, Cabanes-Martinez L, Figueiras-Mendez R (2008) Deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus to treat dystonia: electrophysiological characteristics and 2 years\u2019 follow-up in 10 patients. Neuroscience 152(2):558\u2013571","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"6595_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702237","volume":"125","author":"NA Manuel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Manuel NA, Davies CH (1998) Pharmacological modulation of GABA(A) receptor-mediated postsynaptic potentials in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. Br J Pharmacol 125(7):1529\u20131542","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6595_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.JNS171166","volume":"129","author":"CM Matias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matias CM, Frizon LA, Nagel SJ et al (2018) Deep brain stimulation outcomes in patients implanted under general anesthesia with frame-based stereotaxy and intraoperative MRI. J Neurosurg 129(6):1572\u20131578","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6595_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01584-4","volume":"45","author":"H Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren H, Wen R, Wang W et al (2022) Long-term efficacy of GPi DBS for craniofacial dystonia: a retrospective report of 13 cases. Neurosurg Rev 45(1):673\u2013682","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6595_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.17.1.4","volume":"17","author":"PA Starr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G et al (2004) Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 17(1):E4","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"6595_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.488","volume":"104","author":"PA Starr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G et al (2006) Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. J Neurosurg 104(4):488\u2013501","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6595_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.005","volume":"14","author":"H Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian H, Zhang B, Yu Y et al (2021) Electrophysiological signatures predict clinical outcomes after deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in Meige syndrome. Brain Stimul 14(3):685\u2013692","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"6595_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13304","volume":"24","author":"H Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian H, Xiong NX, Xiong N et al (2021) Similar long-term clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation with different electrode targets for primary Meige syndrome: one institution\u2019s experience of 17 cases. Neuromodulation: J Int Neuromodulation Soc 24(2):300\u2013306","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: J Int Neuromodulation Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"6595_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042187","volume":"352","author":"M Vidailhet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL et al (2005) Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med 352(5):459\u2013467","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6595_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199907)46:1<22::AID-ANA6>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"46","author":"JL Vitek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vitek JL, Chockkan V, Zhang JY et al (1999) Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus. Ann Neurol 46(1):22\u201335","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 14","key":"6595_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S284","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20961","volume":"21","author":"J Volkmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Volkmann J, Moro E, Pahwa R (2006) Basic algorithms for the programming of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 21(Suppl 14):S284\u2013S289","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"6595_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111447","volume":"12","author":"B Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu B, Ling Y, Zhang C et al (2022) Risk factors for hiccups after deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Sci 12:1447","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6595_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.09.003","volume":"26","author":"B Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu B, Xu J, Zhang C et al (2023) The effect of surgical positioning on pneumocephalus in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson disease. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface 26(8):1714\u20131723","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06595-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06595-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06595-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:01:50Z","timestamp":1751605310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06595-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06595-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance for this study was approved by the local ethics committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (reference number IIT2022-144).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants and in case of minors from their parents\/legal guardians. We confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"184"}}