{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:24:38Z","timestamp":1772119478511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) due to gunshot wound (GSW) represents an extremely devastating injury class not only due to quadriplegia, but also the high incidence of chronic mechanical ventilation (MV) due to injury to the spinal nerves that innervate the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic pacemaker (DP) implantation is a potential option to liberate individuals from chronic MV by assisting with diaphragm contraction and therefore improving respiratory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective chart review at our institution to identify patients with high cervical SCI due to GSW who underwent DP implantation and had 6\u00a0months or more of clinical follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen patients were included for chart review. Twelve patients were male; 9 were African American. Twelve had complete (ASIA A) SCI, of whom 7 had an injury at or above C3. Six of 12 (50%) patients whose MV status was documented achieved 4\u00a0h and 24\u00a0h per day of MV independence. All patients in whom detailed respiratory function data could be attained showed percentage tidal volumes over baseline requirement (PTVOB) greater than 100% (median:151.9%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with previously published data, DP implantation for SCI due to GSW seems to have benefit with regard to MV independence and other respiratory metrics. This held true regardless of injury level or whether the DP was implanted during index hospitalization or in a delayed fashion. DP implantation is a viable option to consider in patients with high cervical SCI after GSW in both the acute and chronic setting to grant patients a potential for MV liberation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06678-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T05:49:06Z","timestamp":1758606546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diaphragmatic pacing after cervical spinal cord injury due to gunshot wound: a 14-year institutional experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Collin M.","family":"Labak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Z.","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Crooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley F.","family":"Bazarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Onders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2012.673169","volume":"13","author":"N Amirjani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amirjani N, Kiernan MC, McKenzie DK, Butler JE, Gandevia SC (2012) Is there a case for diaphragm pacing for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients? Amyotroph Lateral Scler 13(6):521\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17482968.2012.673169","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"6678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31821e87c2","volume":"71","author":"MS Call","year":"2011","unstructured":"Call MS, Kutcher ME, Izenberg RA, Singh T, Cohen MJ (2011) Spinal cord injury: outcomes of ventilatory weaning and extubation. J Trauma 71(6):1673\u20131679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e31821e87c2","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"6678_CR3","first-page":"A5572","volume":"157","author":"A Hazenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hazenberg A, Hofker SS, van der Aa JG, Nieuwenhuis JA, Kerstjens HA, Wijkstra PJ (2013) Diafragmapacemaker: alternatief voor chronische beademing [Diaphragm pacemaker: alternative for chronic ventilatory support]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 157(5):A5572","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"issue":"4","key":"6678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2020.1829417","volume":"45","author":"MR Kaufman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaufman MR, Bauer T, Campbell S, Rossi K, Elkwood A, Jarrahy R (2022) Prospective analysis of a surgical algorithm to achieve ventilator weaning in cervical tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med 45(4):531\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2020.1829417","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00062","volume":"28","author":"R Korupolu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korupolu R, Uhlig-Reche H, Achilike EC, Reeh C, Pedroza C, Stampas A (2022) Factors associated with ventilator weaning success and failure in people with spinal cord injury in an acute inpatient rehabilitation setting: a retrospective study. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 28(2):129\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci21-00062","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"6678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.001","volume":"97","author":"JS Krause","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krause JS, Cao Y, DeVivo MJ, DiPiro ND (2016) Risk and protective factors for cause-specific mortality after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97(10):1669\u20131678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"6678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/1079026813Z.000000000136","volume":"36","author":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center","year":"2013","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (2013) Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. J Spinal Cord Med 36(1):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1079026813Z.000000000136","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"6678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.06.050","volume":"164","author":"RP Onders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Onders RP, Elmo M, Kaplan C, Schilz R, Katirji B, Tinkoff G (2018) Long-term experience with diaphragm pacing for traumatic spinal cord injury: early implantation should be considered. Surgery 164(4):705\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2018.06.050","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"6678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0081","volume":"41","author":"BA Sherrod","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sherrod BA, Young JB, Wilkerson CG, Bisson EF, Dailey AT, Mazur MD (2024) Epidemiology of gunshot-related spinal injuries and related risk factors for in-hospital mortality in the United States from 2015\u20132019: a national trauma data bank analysis. J Neurotrauma 41(9\u201310):1112\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0081","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"6678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2901-2","volume":"471","author":"GS Sidhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sidhu GS, Ghag A, Prokuski V, Vaccaro AR, Radcliff KE (2013) Civilian gunshot injuries of the spinal cord: a systematic review of the current literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471(12):3945\u20133955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-013-2901-2","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-022-00908-8","volume":"33","author":"SM Slattery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Slattery SM, Perez IA, Ceccherini I et al (2023) Transitional care and clinical management of adolescents, young adults, and suspected new adult patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. 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Front Surg 9:1082428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1082428","journal-title":"Front Surg"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06678-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06678-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06678-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1758719828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06678-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06678-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7059815\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval for this study was obtained fromUniversity Hospitals Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was not obtained from individual subjects included in the study as this was a purely retrospective chart review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This was a retrospective study without need for human consent to participate.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"253"}}