{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:23:16Z","timestamp":1772119396631,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"University of Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many patients who suffer an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) are active smokers that may experience nicotine withdrawal following hospital admission. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) could alleviate abstinence and delirium but may have unwanted side-effects. Cerebral vasospasm (VS) is a feared complication of aSAH that can worsen outcome. The impact of NRT on VS, complications and outcome is still not fully delineated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study using anonymized data from a prospective quality registry. Patients smoking status, age, sex, comorbidities, along with aSAH severity were registered. Smokers were dichotomized into non-NRT and NRT groups depending on whether they had received a nicotine patch or not and subdivided into light smokers (\u2264\u200910 cigarettes\/day) and moderate to heavy smokers (&gt;\u200910 cigarettes\/day). We also registered radiological\/sonological and clinical VS, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) related infarction and other common aSAH complications. Outcome was scored in terms of mortality and modified Rankin Score (mRS) at 90\u00a0days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>495 patients were included; 220 received NRT. NRT was not a predictor of radiological\/ultrasonological VS or DCI-related infarction. Poor outcome was more frequent in light smokers when they had received NRT (12.49% vs 29.31%) and their length of hospitalization was longer. Moderate to heavy smokers that had received NRT developed less frequently atrial fibrillation (3.4% vs 11.7%) and their length of stay at the ICU was shorter. There was no difference in thromboembolic or epileptic events, or respiratory failure between groups. There was no difference in smoking cessation at 90\u00a0days with or without NRT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NRT had no impact on vasospasm or DCI-related infarction and it did not increase the frequency of complications. It seems advisable to abstain from NRT in light smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06698-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T09:37:08Z","timestamp":1761298628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nicotine replacement therapy during the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Ghafaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Sorteberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6698_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198811173192005","volume":"319","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Benowitz NL (1988) Drug therapy. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 319:1318\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm198811173192005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6698_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1518","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00928.2010","volume":"300","author":"ST Bradford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bradford ST, Stamatovic SM, Dondeti RS, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV (2011) Nicotine aggravates the brain postischemic inflammatory response. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol 300:H1518\u2013H1529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00928.2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"6698_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020172","author":"AC Brooks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brooks AC, Henderson BJ (2021) Systematic review of nicotine exposure\u2019s effects on neural stem and progenitor cells. Brain Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11020172","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"6698_CR4","unstructured":"Canada Go Terminology. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/health-concerns\/tobacco\/research\/tobacco-use-statistics\/terminology.html. Accessed 26 Feb 2025"},{"key":"6698_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.111.620955","volume":"42","author":"RA Carandang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carandang RA, Barton B, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, Sims JR (2011) Nicotine replacement therapy after subarachnoid hemorrhage is not associated with increased vasospasm. Stroke 42:3080\u20133086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.111.620955","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987) A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 40:373\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"6698_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021845","volume":"10","author":"WS Dodd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dodd WS, Laurent D, Dumont AS, Hasan DM, Jabbour PM, Starke RM, Hosaka K, Polifka AJ, Hoh BL, Chalouhi N (2021) Pathophysiology of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review. J Am Heart Assoc 10:e021845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.121.021845","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"6698_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5244","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02300-4","volume":"39","author":"CV Eisenring","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eisenring CV, Hamilton PL, Herzog P, Oertel MF, Jacot-Sadowski I, Burn F, Cornuz J, Schatlo B, Nanchen D (2022) Nicotine replacement therapy for smokers with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international survey. Adv Ther 39:5244\u20135258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-022-02300-4","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"6698_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x18754973","volume":"39","author":"M Elbejjani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elbejjani M, Auer R, Dolui S, Jacobs DR Jr, Haight T, Goff DC Jr, Detre JA, Davatzikos C, Bryan RN, Launer LJ (2019) Cigarette smoking and cerebral blood flow in a cohort of middle-aged adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 39:1247\u20131257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678x18754973","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"6698_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ellenbroek B, Youn J (2016) Chapter 6 - Drug Addiction. In: Ellenbroek B, Youn J (eds) Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 143\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-801657-2.00006-9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801657-2.00006-9"},{"key":"6698_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2014012","volume":"33","author":"MA Fahim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fahim MA, Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Dhanasekaran S, Shafiullah M, Yasin J, Hassan MY (2014) Thromboembolic injury and systemic toxicity induced by nicotine in mice. Gen Physiol Biophys 33:345\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4149\/gpb_2014012","journal-title":"Gen Physiol Biophys"},{"key":"6698_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198001000-00001","volume":"6","author":"CM Fisher","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM (1980) Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 6:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-198001000-00001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6698_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.544700","volume":"40","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Wartenberg KE, Badjatia N, Connolly ES, Mayer SA (2009) Defining vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 40:1963\u20131968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.544700","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000135711","volume":"26","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Parra A, Shimbo D, Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Peter P, Claassen J, Wartenberg KE, Rincon F, Badjatia N, Naidech A, Connolly ES, Mayer SA (2008) Cardiac arrhythmias after subarachnoid hemorrhage: risk factors and impact on outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 26:71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000135711","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"6698_CR15","unstructured":"Health NIoP (2023) vedleggstabeller for tobakk i Norge. https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/globalassets\/dokumenterfiler\/tema\/royking-og-snus\/vedleggstabeller-til-tobakk-i-norge-2023.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2025"},{"key":"6698_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.7461\/jcen.2012.14.2.90","volume":"14","author":"YS Jeong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeong YS, Kim HD (2012) Clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 14:90\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7461\/jcen.2012.14.2.90","journal-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg"},{"key":"6698_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169433","volume":"912","author":"W Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia W, Fu Y, Zhang N, Zhang N, Wang T, Wang Z, Zhang N, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Q, Li C, Zhang X, Yang W, Han B, Zhang L, Tang N, Bai Z (2024) Ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with pro-thrombotic biomarkers among young healthy adults: a 16 times repeated measurements panel study. Sci Total Environ 912:169433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169433","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"6698_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.11.014","volume":"22","author":"PE Jim\u00e9nez Caballero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez Caballero PE, L\u00f3pez Espuela F, Portilla Cuenca JC, Ram\u00edrez Moreno JM, Pedrera Zamorano JD, Casado Naranjo I (2013) Charlson comorbidity index in ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage as predictor of mortality and functional outcome after 6 months. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 22:e214\u2013e218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.11.014","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"6698_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21823","volume":"87","author":"AG Kolias","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kolias AG, Sen J, Belli A (2009) Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches. J Neurosci Res 87:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.21823","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"6698_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.012","volume":"59","author":"GF Koob","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koob GF (2008) A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron 59:11\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"6698_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1161\/01.Str.0000065200.93070.32","volume":"34","author":"T Kurth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Schaeffner ES, Buring JE, Gaziano JM (2003) Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke 34:1151\u20131155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.Str.0000065200.93070.32","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.3.0381","volume":"87","author":"TM Lasner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lasner TM, Weil RJ, Riina HA, King JT Jr., Zager EL, Raps EC, Flamm ES (1997) Cigarette smoking-induced increase in the risk of symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 87:381\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1997.87.3.0381","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6698_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1856-y","volume":"91","author":"PN Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee PN, Fariss MW (2017) A systematic review of possible serious adverse health effects of nicotine replacement therapy. Arch Toxicol 91:1565\u20131594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-016-1856-y","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"6698_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LeRoux PD, Haglund MM, Newell DW, Grady MS, Winn HR (1992) Intraventricular hemorrhage in blunt head trauma: an analysis of 43 cases. Neurosurgery 31:678\u2013684; discussion 684\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-199210000-00010","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199210000-00010"},{"key":"6698_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00663.2015","volume":"120","author":"C Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li C, Sun H, Arrick DM, Mayhan WG (2015) Chronic nicotine exposure exacerbates transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury. J Appl Physiol 120:328\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00663.2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6698_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.083","volume":"126","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li K, Barras CD, Chandra RV, Kok HK, Maingard JT, Carter NS, Russell JH, Lai L, Brooks M, Asadi H (2019) A review of the management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 126:513\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.083","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6698_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0490","volume":"3","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2007","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Pluta RM, Zhang JH (2007) Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3:256\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpneuro0490","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"key":"6698_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.57.3.551","volume":"57","author":"SA Mayer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mayer SA, Chong JY, Ridgway E, Min KC, Commichau C, Bernardini GL (2001) Delirium from nicotine withdrawal in neuro-ICU patients. Neurology 57:551\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.57.3.551","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6698_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-8-8","volume":"8","author":"EJ Mills","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mills EJ, Wu P, Lockhart I, Wilson K, Ebbert JO (2010) Adverse events associated with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of one hundred and twenty studies involving 177,390 individuals. Tob Induc Dis 8:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1617-9625-8-8","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"6698_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.76.23","volume":"76","author":"M Nanri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nanri M, Yamamoto J, Miyake H, Watanabe H (1998) Protective effect of GTS-21, a novel nicotinic receptor agonist, on delayed neuronal death induced by ischemia in gerbils. Jpn J Pharmacol 76:23\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1254\/jjp.76.23","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"6698_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.115.010405","volume":"47","author":"M Nayor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nayor M, Enserro DM, Beiser AS, Cheng S, DeCarli C, Vasan RS, Seshadri S (2016) Association of exhaled carbon monoxide with stroke incidence and subclinical vascular brain injury: Framingham Heart Study. Stroke 47:383\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.115.010405","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2024.108605","volume":"247","author":"S Odensass","year":"2024","unstructured":"Odensass S, G\u00fcm\u00fcs M, Said M, Rodemerk J, Darkwah Oppong M, Li Y, Ahmadipour Y, Dammann P, Wrede KH, Sure U, Jabbarli R (2024) Predictors of survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the long-term observational cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 247:108605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2024.108605","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"6698_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp090402","volume":"67","author":"NG Panos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Panos NG, Tesoro EP, Kim KS, Mucksavage JJ (2010) Outcomes associated with transdermal nicotine replacement therapy in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 67:1357\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2146\/ajhp090402","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm"},{"key":"6698_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716652401","volume":"61","author":"H Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park H, Kim KW, Yoon IY (2016) Smoking cessation and the risk of hyperactive delirium in hospitalized patients: a retrospective study. Can J Psychiatry 61:643\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743716652401","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6698_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x20905609","volume":"40","author":"OB Paulson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paulson OB, Vigdis I (2020) Cigarette smoking and cerebral blood flow in a cohort of middle-aged adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 40:904\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678x20905609","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"6698_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2023-0070","volume":"39","author":"N Qigang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qigang N, Afra A, Ram\u00edrez-Coronel AA, Turki Jalil A, Mohammadi MJ, Gatea MA, Efriza AP, Mousavi SK, Kanani P, Mombeni Kazemi F, Hormati M, Kiani F (2024) The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers on cardiovascular diseases. Rev Environ Health 39:841\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/reveh-2023-0070","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"6698_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading Scale (1988). J Neurosurg 68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1988.68.6.0985","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.6.0985"},{"key":"6698_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370080040015","volume":"255","author":"NA Rigotti","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rigotti NA, Eagle KA (1986) Atrial fibrillation while chewing Nicotine gum. JAMA 255:1018\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1986.03370080040015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6698_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9456-9","volume":"14","author":"DB Seder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seder DB, Schmidt JM, Badjatia N, Fernandez L, Rincon F, Claassen J, Gordon E, Carrera E, Kurtz P, Lee K, Connolly ES, Mayer SA (2011) Transdermal nicotine replacement therapy in cigarette smokers with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 14:77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-010-9456-9","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"6698_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2022.886099","author":"S Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma S, Rahman Archie S, Kanchanwala V, Mimun K, Rahman MA, Zhang Y, Abbruscato T (2022) Effects of nicotine exposure from tobacco products and electronic cigarettes on the pathogenesis of neurological diseases: impact on CNS drug delivery. Front Drug Deliv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fddev.2022.886099","journal-title":"Front Drug Deliv"},{"key":"6698_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.6.820","volume":"35","author":"E Skinhoj","year":"1973","unstructured":"Skinhoj E, Olesen J, Paulson OB (1973) Influence of smoking and nicotine on cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen in man. J Appl Physiol 35:820\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.6.820","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6698_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152667","volume":"813","author":"F Soleimani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R (2022) Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: a comprehensive systematic review. Sci Total Environ 813:152667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152667","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"6698_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690701593553","volume":"22","author":"W Sorteberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sorteberg W, Sletteb\u00f8 H, Eide PK, Stubhaug A, Sorteberg A (2008) Surgical treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in the presence of 24-h endovascular availability: management and results. Br J Neurosurg 22:53\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688690701593553","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6698_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.10.054","volume":"157","author":"MS Stefan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stefan MS, Pack Q, Shieh MS, Pekow PS, Bernstein SL, Raghunathan K, Nason KS, Lindenauer PK (2020) The association of nicotine replacement therapy with outcomes among smokers hospitalized for a major surgical procedure. Chest 157:1354\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2019.10.054","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6698_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.54.2.222","volume":"54","author":"PM Stewart","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stewart PM, Catterall JR (1985) Chronic nicotine ingestion and atrial fibrillation. Br Heart J 54:222\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/hrt.54.2.222","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"6698_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019328","volume":"49","author":"MN Stienen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stienen MN, Germans M, Burkhardt J-K, Neidert MC, Fung C, Bervini D, Zumofen D, Roethlisberger M, Marbacher S, Maduri R, Robert T, Seule MA, Bijlenga P, Schaller K, Fandino J, Smoll NR, Maldaner N, Finkenst\u00e4dt S, Esposito G, Schatlo B, Keller E, Bozinov O, Regli L, Serra C, Krayenb\u00fchl N, Sch\u00f6ni D, Raabe A, Beck J, Goldberg J, Mariani L, Guzman R, D\u2019Alonzo D, Coluccia D, Daniel RT, Starnoni D, Messerer M, Levivier M, Valsecchi D, Arrighi M, Venier A, Reinert M, Kuhlen DE, Ferrari A, Weyerbrock A, Hildebrandt G, Hlavica M, Fournier J-Y, Corniola M (2018) Predictors of in-hospital death after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 49:333\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019328","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000173221.37568.d2","volume":"36","author":"JN Struijs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Struijs JN, van Genugten ML, Evers SM, Ament AJ, Baan CA, van den Bos GA (2005) Modeling the future burden of stroke in The Netherlands: impact of aging, smoking, and hypertension. Stroke 36:1648\u20131655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000173221.37568.d2","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23101","volume":"90","author":"T Takarada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Takarada T, Nakamichi N, Kawagoe H, Ogura M, Fukumori R, Nakazato R, Fujikawa K, Kou M, Yoneda Y (2012) Possible neuroprotective property of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in association with predominant upregulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 90:2074\u20132085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.23101","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"6698_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.07.001","volume":"131","author":"N Toda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Toda N, Okamura T (2016) Cigarette smoking impairs nitric oxide-mediated cerebral blood flow increase: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Pharmacol Sci 131:223\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.07.001","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"6698_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.03.014","volume":"42","author":"RD Turgeon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turgeon RD, Chang SJ, Dandurand C, Gooderham PA, Hunt C (2017) Nicotine replacement therapy in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: systematic review of the literature, and survey of Canadian practice. J Clin Neurosci 42:48\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.03.014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"6698_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604","volume":"19","author":"JC van Swieten","year":"1988","unstructured":"van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J (1988) Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 19:604\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6698_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3908(02)00366-0","volume":"44","author":"SL Verbois","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verbois SL, Scheff SW, Pauly JR (2003) Chronic nicotine treatment attenuates alpha 7 nicotinic receptor deficits following traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 44:224\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0028-3908(02)00366-0","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"6698_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199702000-00002","volume":"17","author":"L Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang L, Kittaka M, Sun N, Schreiber SS, Zlokovic BV (1997) Chronic nicotine treatment enhances focal ischemic brain injury and depletes free pool of brain microvascular tissue plasminogen activator in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:136\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004647-199702000-00002","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"6698_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.3.0405","volume":"89","author":"BKA Weir","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weir BKA, Kongable GL, Kassell NF, Schultz JR, Truskowski LL, Sigrest A (1998) Cigarette smoking as a cause of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and risk for vasospasm: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 89:405\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1998.89.3.0405","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6698_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01070-2","volume":"49","author":"J-K Zubieta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zubieta J-K, Lombardi U, Minoshima S, Guthrie S, Ni L, Ohl LE, Koeppe RA, Domino EF (2001) Regional cerebral blood flow effects of nicotine in overnight abstinent smokers. Biol Psychiatry 49:906\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01070-2","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06698-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06698-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06698-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T09:37:11Z","timestamp":1761298631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06698-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06698-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7053788\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Research is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The present study is a retrospective quality project approved by the internal review board of Oslo University Hospital\/data protection officer (approval # 21\u201310232, anonymised data). Consent was waived by the data protection officer in accordance with the Norwegian Patient Journal Act \u00a76 and Health Personnel Act \u00a726. Human ethics and consent to participate declarations are hence not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"281"}}