{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:42:42Z","timestamp":1785300162528,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005296","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tractography has been used in various studies with respect to the improvement of patient-specific DBS targeting. Nevertheless, methodological influences of the chosen parameters and associated errors are often neglected. The aim of this study was to estimate concrete errors associated with specific image processing steps when using measurements of distances to specific subcortical fiber tracts to predict optimal stimulation sites for DBS targeting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Probabilistic tractography of the crossing and non-decussating part of the dentato-rubro-thalamic-tract (c-\/ nd-DRTT) was performed using FSL 6.0.3 in 40 PD- and ET-patients having received bilateral DBS surgery. DBS-electrodes were reconstructed using LeadDBS. The influence of (1) the choice of threshold for binarization of fiber tracts, (2) manual measurements compared to measurements using automized distance maps and (3) normalization into the MNI standard space on measured distances were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different thresholds for binarization resulted in non-linear and unpredictable variations of measured distances up to 1.72\u2009\u00b1\u20091.49\u00a0mm (mean value\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation). Manual measurements on the axial slice of the electrode contact showed a mean error of 0.91\u2009\u00b1\u20091.36\u00a0mm (maximum 14.9\u00a0mm) compared to automated measurements. Regarding normalization, a mean error of 0.82\u2009\u00b1\u20090.50\u00a0mm (maximum 2.34\u00a0mm) was found compared to measurements in native space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measured maximum errors reach up to several millimeters, which might have significant impact on clinical targeting in DBS. Researchers should be aware of these errors and define individual standards for specific studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06719-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T16:30:17Z","timestamp":1764606617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How accurate is probabilistic tractography when used to predict the \u201csweet spot\u201d in deep brain stimulation? Mind the gap!"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Deuter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Mederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Rosengarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Anthofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anes","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Knott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Wendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils-Ole","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Schlaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04495-3","volume":"163","author":"A Abdulbaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdulbaki A, Kaufmann J, Galazky I, Buentjen L, Voges J (2021) Neuromodulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the effect of fiber tract stimulation on tremor control. Acta Neurochir 163(1):185\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04495-3","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"6719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww182","volume":"139","author":"EA Accolla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Accolla EA, Herrojo Ruiz M, Horn A, Schneider G-H, Schmitz-H\u00fcbsch T, Draganski B, K\u00fchn AA (2016) Brain networks modulated by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Brain 139(Pt 9):2503\u20132515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aww182","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6719_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adluru N, Zhang H, Do Tromp PM, Alexander AL (2013) Effects of DTI spatial normalization on white matter tract reconstructions. Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering 8669(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2007130","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2007130"},{"key":"6719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.008","volume":"18","author":"H Akram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akram H, Dayal V, Mahlknecht P, Georgiev D, Hyam J, Foltynie T, Limousin P (2018) Connectivity derived thalamic segmentation in deep brain stimulation for tremor. Neuroimage Clin 18:130\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.008","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"6719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","volume":"202","author":"JLR Andersson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andersson JLR, Skare S, Ashburner J (2003) How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging\u201c. NeuroImage 202:870\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6719_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","volume":"125","author":"JLR Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson JLR, Sotiropoulos SN (2016) An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. NeuroImage 125:1063\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2363494","volume":"62","author":"M Astrom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Astrom M, Diczfalusy E, Martens H, Wardell K (2015) Relationship between neural activation and electric field distribution during deep brain stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 62(2):664\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2014.2363494","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"6719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","volume":"54","author":"BB Avants","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avants BB, Tustison NJ, Song G, Cook PA, Klein A, Gee JC (2011) A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. Neuroimage 54(3):2033\u20132044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","volume":"12","author":"B Avants","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avants B, Epstein C, Grossman M, Gee J (2008) Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain. Med Image Anal 12(1):26\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"6719_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116511","volume":"209","author":"A Awad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Awad A, Blomstedt P, Westling G, Eriksson J (2020) Deep brain stimulation in the caudal zona incerta modulates the sensorimotor cerebello-cerebral circuit in essential tremor. Neuroimage 209:116511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116511","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"13","key":"6719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24626","volume":"40","author":"JS Bain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bain JS, Yeatman JD, Schurr R, Rokem A, Mezer AA (2019) Evaluating arcuate fasciculus laterality measurements across dataset and tractography pipelines. Hum Brain Mapp 40(13):3695\u20133711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24626","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"9","key":"6719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.12.019","volume":"85","author":"JC Baldermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baldermann JC, Melzer C, Zapf A, Kohl S, Timmermann L, Tittgemeyer M, Huys D (2019) Connectivity profile predictive of effective deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 85(9):735\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.12.019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"6719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-015-1547-z","volume":"57","author":"I Barnaure","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnaure I, Pollak P, Momjian S, Horvath J, Lovblad KO, Bo\u00ebx C, Remuinan J, Burkhard P, Vargas MI (2015) Evaluation of electrode position in deep brain stimulation by image fusion (MRI and CT). Neuroradiology 57(9):903\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-015-1547-z","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01220-2","volume":"43","author":"G Beggio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beggio G, Raneri F, Rustemi O, Scerrati A, Zambon G, Piacentino M (2020) Techniques for pneumocephalus and brain shift reduction in DBS surgery: a review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 43(1):95\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01220-2","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","volume":"34","author":"TEJ Behrens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behrens TEJ, Johansen Berg H, Jbabdi S, Rushworth MFS, Woolrich MW (2007) Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: what can we gain? Neuroimage 34(1):144\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6719_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00045","volume":"10","author":"E Calabrese","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calabrese E (2016) Diffusion tractography in deep brain stimulation surgery: a review. Front Neuroanat 10:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2016.00045","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"10","key":"6719_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26330","volume":"44","author":"Y-N Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang Y-N, Halai AD, Lambon Ralph MA (2023) Distance-dependent distribution thresholding in probabilistic tractography. Hum Brain Mapp 44(10):4064\u20134076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26330","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"6719_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2021.07.001","volume":"159","author":"VA Coenen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Reisert M (2021) DTI for brain targeting: Diffusion weighted imaging fiber tractography-Assisted deep brain stimulation. Int Rev Neurobiol 159:47\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2021.07.001","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1036-z","volume":"153","author":"VA Coenen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Allert N, M\u00e4dler B (2011) A role of diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking in deep brain stimulation surgery: DBS of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (Drt) for the treatment of therapyrefractory tremor. Acta Neurochir 153(8):1579\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-011-1036-z","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"6719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04248-2","volume":"162","author":"VA Coenen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Sajonz B, Prokop T et al (2020) The dentato-rubro-thalamic tract as the potential common deep brain stimulation target for tremor of various origin: an observational case series. Acta Neurochir 162:1053\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04248-2","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"6","key":"6719_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.014","volume":"12","author":"VA Coenen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Varkuti B, Schuurman PR, Reinacher PC, Voges J, Zrinzo L, Blomstedt P, Fenoy AJ, Hariz M (2019) Surgical decision making for deep brain stimulation should not be based on aggregated normative data mining. Brain Stimul 12(6):1345\u20131348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"8","key":"6719_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4753","volume":"37","author":"VA Coenen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Jenkner C, Honey CR, M\u00e4dler B (2016) Electrophysiologic validation of diffusion tensor imaging tractography during deep brain stimulation surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37(8):1470\u20131478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A4753","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6719_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.588423","volume":"14","author":"B Davidson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davidson B, Lipsman N, Meng Y, Rabin JS, Giacobbe P, Hamani C (2020) The use of tractography-based targeting in deep brain stimulation for psychiatric indications. Front Hum Neurosci 14:588423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.588423","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"6719_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102235","volume":"26","author":"TA Dembek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dembek TA, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Reker P et al (2020) PSA and VIM DBS efficiency in essential tremor depends on distance to the dentatorubrothalamic tract. Neuroimage Clin 26:102235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102235","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"6719_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.2004424","volume":"28","author":"M Descoteaux","year":"2009","unstructured":"Descoteaux M, Deriche R, Kn\u00f6sche TR, Anwander A (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic tractography based on complex fibre orientation distributions. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 28:269\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2008.2004424","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"6719_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deuter D, Mederer T, Kohl Z, Forras P, Rosengarth K, Schlabeck M, R\u00f6hrl D (November 2023) Amelioration of parkinsonian tremor evoked by DBS: which role play cerebello-(Sub)thalamic fiber tracts? J Neurol 30.. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-12095-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12095-1"},{"key":"6719_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deuter D, Torka E, Kohl Z, Schmidt N-O, Schlaier J (2022) Mediation of tremor control by the decussating and nondecussating part of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract in deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: which part should be stimulated?\u201c Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface S1094715922006511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.04.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.04.040"},{"issue":"6","key":"6719_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab3c95","volume":"16","author":"G Duffley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duffley G, Anderson DN, Vorwerk J, Dorval AD, Butson CR (2019) Evaluation of methodologies for computing the deep brain stimulation volume of tissue activated. J Neural Eng 16(6):066024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab3c95","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"6719_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.06.022","volume":"37","author":"TB Dyrby","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dyrby TB, S\u00f8gaard LV, Parker GJ, Alexander DC, Lind NM, Baar\u00e9 WFC, Hay-Schmidt A (2007) Validation of in vitro probabilistic tractography. Neuroimage 37(4):1267\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.06.022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6719_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.015","volume":"170","author":"S Ewert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ewert S, Plettig P, Li N, Chakravarty MM, Collins DL, Herrington TM, K\u00fchn AA, Horn A (2018) Toward defining deep brain stimulation targets in MNI space: a subcortical atlas based on multimodal MRI, histology and structural connectivity. Neuroimage 170:271\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.061","volume":"184","author":"S Ewert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ewert S, Horn A, Finkel F, Li N, K\u00fchn AA, Herrington TM (2019) Optimization and comparative evaluation of nonlinear deformation algorithms for atlas-based segmentation of DBS target nuclei. NeuroImage 184(1):586\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.061","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6719_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12585","volume":"20","author":"AJ Fenoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fenoy AJ, Schiess MC (2017) Deep brain stimulation of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract: outcomes of direct targeting for tremor. Neuromodulation 20:429\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12585","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"6719_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000478270","volume":"95","author":"M Fiechter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fiechter M, Nowacki A, Oertel MF, Fichtner J, Debove I, Lachenmayer ML, Wiest R (2017) Deep brain stimulation for tremor: is there a common structure? Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 95(4):243\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000478270","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033","volume":"54","author":"V Fonov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fonov V, Evans AC, Botteron K, Almli CR, McKinstry RC, Collins DL (2011) Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies. Neuroimage 54(1):313\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6719_CR35","unstructured":"Friston KJ, Ashburner J, Kiebel SJ, Nichols TE, Penny WD (eds) (2007) Statistical parametric mapping. The analysis of functional brain images. Elsevier, New York"},{"key":"6719_CR36","unstructured":"FslWiki. BEDPOSTX. https:\/\/fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk\/fsl\/fslwiki\/FDT\/ UserGuide#BEDPOSTX. Accessed 29 Jan 2024"},{"key":"6719_CR37","unstructured":"FslWiki. FSLUTILS. Accessed Feburary 9, 2024. https:\/\/fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk\/fsl\/fslwiki\/ Fslutils."},{"issue":"3","key":"6719_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000446609","volume":"94","author":"R Geevarghese","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geevarghese R, O\u2019Gorman Tuura R, Lumsden DE, Samuel M, Ashkan K (2016) Registration accuracy of CT\/MRI fusion for localisation of deep brain stimulation electrode position: an imaging study and systematic review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 94(3):159\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446609","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"6719_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120231","volume":"277","author":"G Girard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Girard G, Rafael-Pati\u00f1o J, Truffet R, Aydogan DB, Adluru N, Nair VA, Prabhakaran V (2023) Tractography passes the test: results from the diffusion-simulated connectivity (Disco) challenge. Neuroimage 277:120231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120231","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6719_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24974","volume":"821","author":"A Horn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horn A, Reich M, Vorwerk J, Li N, Wenzel G, Fang Q, Schmitz-H\u00fcbsch T (2017) Connectivity predicts deep brain stimulation outcome in parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 821:67\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24974","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"6719_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.004","volume":"150","author":"A Horn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horn A, K\u00fchn AA, Merkl A, Shih L, Alterman R, Fox M (2017) Probabilistic conversion of neurosurgical DBS electrode coordinates into MNI space. Neuroimage 150:395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6719_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.002","volume":"107","author":"A Horn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horn A, K\u00fchn AA (2015) Lead-DBS: a toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localizations and visualizations. NeuroImage 107:127\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6719_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horn A, Blankenburg F (2016) toward a standardized structural-functional group connectome in MNI space. NeuroImage 124, Nr. Pt A (1): 310\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.048"},{"key":"6719_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.004","volume":"17","author":"A Husch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Husch A, Petersen MV, Gemmar P, Goncalves J, Hertel F (2018) PaCER - a fully automated method for electrode trajectory and contact reconstruction in deep brain stimulation. NeuroImage: Clinical 17:80\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.004","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"6719_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacobacci F, Jovicich J, Lerner G, Amaro E, Armony JL, Doyon J, Della-Maggiore V (2019) Improving spatial normalization of brain diffusion MRI to measure longitudinal changes of tissue microstructure in the cortex and white matter. Preprint. Neuroscience, 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/590521","DOI":"10.1101\/590521"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001347","volume":"80","author":"SA Javadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Javadi SA, Nabavi A, Giordano M, Faghihzadeh E, Samii A (2017) Evaluation of diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography of the corticospinal tract: a correlative study with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and direct electrical subcortical stimulation. Neurosurgery 80(2):287\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001347","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"6719_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0033","volume":"1","author":"S Jbabdi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jbabdi S, Johansen-Berg H (2011) Tractography: where do we go from here? Brain Connect 1(3):169\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2011.0033","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","volume":"17","author":"M Jenkinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jenkinson M, Bannister P, Brady M, Smith S (2002) Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage 17(2):825\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","volume":"5","author":"M Jenkinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenkinson M, Smith S (2001) A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images. Med Image Anal 5(2):143\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"10","key":"6719_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22902","volume":"36","author":"TR Kn\u00f6sche","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6sche TR, Anwander A, Liptrot M, Dyrby TB (2015) Validation of tractography: comparison with manganese tracing. Hum Brain Mapp 36(10):4116\u20134134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.22902","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"6719_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leclercq D, Delmaire C, de Champfleur NM, Chiras J, Leh\u00e9ricy S (2011) Diffusion Tractography: Methods, Validation and Applications in Patients with Neurosurgical Lesions. Neurosurg Clin North America 22, Nr. 2:253\u201368, ix. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2010.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.11.004"},{"key":"6719_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105466","volume":"185","author":"HL Low","year":"2019","unstructured":"Low HL, Ismail MNBM, Taqvi A, Deeb J, Fuller C, Misbahuddin A (2019) Comparison of posterior subthalamic area deep brain stimulation for tremor using conventional landmarks versus directly targeting the dentatorubrothalamic tract with tractography. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 185:105466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105466","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"6719_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McCarthy P (2022) FSLeyes (1.5.0). Zenodo.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7038115","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7038115"},{"issue":"14","key":"6719_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26056","volume":"29","author":"Z Mirzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirzadeh Z, Chapple K, Lambert M, Dhall R, Ponce FA (2014) Validation of CT-MRI fusion for intraoperative assessment of stereotactic accuracy in DBS surgery. Mov Disord: Off J Mov Disord Soc 29(14):1788\u20131795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26056","journal-title":"Mov Disord: Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"key":"6719_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119862","volume":"268","author":"C Neudorfer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neudorfer C, Butenko K, Oxenford S, Rajamani N, Achtzehn J, Goede L, Hollunder B (2023) Lead-DBS v3.0: mapping deep brain stimulation effects to local anatomy and global networks. Neuroimage 268:119862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119862","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"6719_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000225973","volume":"87","author":"RL O\u2019Gorman","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Gorman RL, Jarosz JM, Samuel M, Clough C, Selway RP, Ashkan K (2009) CT\/MR image fusion in the postoperative assessment of electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 87(4):205\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000225973","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6719_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.4.JNS1624","volume":"126","author":"MV Petersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petersen MV, Lund TE, Sunde N, Frandsen J, Rosendal F, Juul N, \u00d8stergaard K (2017) Probabilistic versus deterministic tractography for delineation of the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway in patients with Parkinson disease selected for deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg 126(5):1657\u20131668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.4.JNS1624","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.009","volume":"84","author":"VE Rozanski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rozanski VE, Vollmar C, Cunha JP, Tafula SMN, Ahmadi S-A, Patzig M, Mehrkens J-H, B\u00f6tzel K (2014) Connectivity patterns of pallidal DBS electrodes in focal dystonia: a diffusion tensor tractography study. NeuroImage 84(1):435\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6719_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.JNS131673","volume":"121.4","author":"NWJE Said","year":"2014","unstructured":"Said NWJE, Raghavan P, Cupino A, Tustison N, Frysinger R, Patrie J, Xin W, Wintermark M (2014) Correlation of diffusion tensor tractography and intraoperative macrostimulation during deep brain stimulation for parkinson disease. J Neurosurg 121.4:929\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.6.JNS131673","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"6719_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26633","volume":"31","author":"F Sammartino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sammartino F, Krishna V, Kon Kam King N, Lozano AM, Schwartz ML, Huang Y, Hodaie M (2016) Tractography-based ventral intermediate nucleus targeting: novel methodology and intraoperative validation. Mov Disord 31(8):1217\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26633","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"6719_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118451","volume":"242","author":"KG Schilling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schilling KG, Tax CMW, Rheault F, Hansen C, Yang Qi, Yeh F-C, Cai L, Anderson AW, Landman BA (2021) Fiber tractography bundle segmentation depends on scanner effects, vendor effects, acquisition resolution, diffusion sampling scheme, diffusion sensitization, and bundle segmentation workflow. Neuroimage 242:118451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118451","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6719_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schilling KG, Rheault F, Petit L, Hansen CB, Nath V, Yeh F-C, Girard G (2021) Tractography dissection variability: what happens when 42 groups dissect 14 white matter bundles on the same dataset?\u201c NeuroImage 243:118502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118502"},{"issue":"12","key":"6719_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13575","volume":"45","author":"JR Schlaier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlaier JR, Beer AL, Faltermeier R, Fellner C, Steib K, Lange M, Greenlee MW, Brawanski AT, Anthofer JM (2017) Probabilistic vs. deterministic fiber tracking and the influence of different seed regions to delineate cerebellar-thalamic fibers in deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 45(12):1623\u20131633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.13575","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"6719_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12238","volume":"18","author":"J Schlaier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schlaier J, Anthofer J, Steib K et al (2015) Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: targeting the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract? Neuromodulation 18:105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12238","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"6719_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1741","volume":"30","author":"T Sch\u00f6necker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6necker T, Kupsch A, K\u00fchn AA, Schneider G-H, Hoffmann K-T (2009) Automated optimization of subcortical cerebral MR imaging\u2212atlas coregistration for improved postoperative electrode localization in deep brain stimulation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(10):1914\u20131921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1741","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6719_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs036","volume":"23","author":"AK Seehaus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seehaus AK, Roebroeck A, Chiry O, Kim D-S, Ronen I, Bratzke H, Goebel R, Galuske RAW (2013) Histological validation of DW-MRI tractography in human postmortem tissue. Cereb Cortex 23(2):442\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhs036","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"6719_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25906","volume":"88","author":"L Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen L, Jiang C, Hubbard CS, Ren J, He C, Wang D, Dahmani L (2020) Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation modulates 2 distinct neurocircuits. Ann Neurol 88(6):1178\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25906","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"6719_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","volume":"23","author":"SM Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Johansen-Berg H, Bannister PR (2004) Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL\u201c. NeuroImage 23:S208-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"6719_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","volume":"17","author":"SM Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith SM (2002) Fast robust brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp 17(3):143\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.10062","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"4","key":"6719_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2021.0051","volume":"12","author":"QD Strotzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strotzer QD, Kohl Z, Anthofer JM, Faltermeier R, Schmidt NO, Torka E, Greenlee MW, Fellner C, Schlaier JR, Beer AL (2022) Structural connectivity patterns of side effects induced by subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Connect 12(4):374\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2021.0051","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"6","key":"6719_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25475","volume":"85","author":"QD Strotzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strotzer QD, Anthofer JM, Faltermeier R, Brawanski AT, Torka E, Waldthaler JA, Kohl Z, Fellner C, Beer AL, Schlaier JR (2019) Deep brain stimulation: connectivity profile for bradykinesia alleviation. Ann Neurol 85(6):852\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25475","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6719_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.12.JNS131537","volume":"120","author":"JA Sweet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sweet JA, Walter BL, Gunalan K, Chaturvedi A, McIntyre CC, Miller JP (2014) Fiber tractography of the axonal pathways linking the basal ganglia and cerebellum in Parkinson disease: implications for targeting in deep brain stimulation: clinical article. J Neurosurg 120(4):988\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.12.JNS131537","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6719_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405672111","volume":"111","author":"C Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas C, Ye FQ, Irfanoglu MO et al (2014) Anatomical accuracy of brain connections derived from diffusion MRI tractography is inherently limited. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:16574\u201316579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1405672111","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"6719_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1159\/000362937","volume":"92","author":"CV Torres","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torres CV, Manzanares R, Sola RG (2014) Integrating diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography into deep brain stimulation surgery: a review of the literature. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 92(5):282\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000362937","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"6719_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102271","volume":"27","author":"D Vogel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vogel D, Shah A, Coste J, Lemaire J-J, W\u00e5rdell K, Hemm S (2020) Anatomical brain structures normalization for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. Neuroimage Clin 27:102271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102271","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"6719_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117307","volume":"224","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Akram H, Muthuraman M, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Sheth SA, Oxenford S, Yeh F-C (2021) Normative vs. patient-specific brain connectivity in deep brain stimulation. NeuroImage 224(1):117307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117307","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6719_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.055","volume":"451","author":"MW Woolrich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woolrich MW, Jbabdi S, Patenaude B, Chappell M, Makni S, Behrens T, Beckmann C, Jenkinson M, Smith SM (2009) Bayesian analysis of neuroimaging data in FSL. NeuroImage 451:S173-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.055","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"6719_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051781","volume":"12","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, Qin G, Tan B, Fan S, An Qi, Gao Y, Fan H (2023) Deep brain stimulation electrode reconstruction: comparison between Lead-DBS and surgical planning system. J Clin Med 12(5):1781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12051781","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"6719_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac0d90","author":"J-M Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang J-M, Yeh C-H, Poupon C, Calamante F (2021) Diffusion MRI tractography for neurosurgery: the basics, current state, technical reliability and challenges. Phys Med Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac0d90","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"6719_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang AI, Parker D, Vijayakumari AA, Ramayya AG, Donley-Fletcher MP, Aunapu D, Wolf RL, Baltuch GH, Verma R (2022) Tractography-based surgical targeting for thalamic deep brain stimulation: a comparison of probabilistic vs deterministic fiber tracking of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract. Neurosurgery 90, Nr. 4(1): 419\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001840","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001840"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06719-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06719-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06719-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T02:44:32Z","timestamp":1764643472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06719-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-025-06719-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures were performed in compliance with relevant laws and institutional guidelines. All experiments were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study has been approved by the local ethics committee of the University Hospital of Regensburg, Germany (protocol code Z-2017\u20130876-10).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the local ethics committee of the University Hospital of Regensburg, Germany (protocol code Z-2017\u20130876-10). All experiments were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"DD and TM received travel grants and course fees for educational events from Medtronic and Abbott. JS received teaching fees from Medtronic and research support from St Jude Medical, Antisense Pharma, and Medtronic. Talks in the last years were partly sponsored by Medtronic, St Jude Medical, and BrainLab. Financial compensation was received from Medtronic for his services as a consultant. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"305"}}