{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:02:04Z","timestamp":1793916124930,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for refractory movement disorders. However, there are surgical risks and it often includes in-patient hospital admission. The aim is to review key factors associated with prolonged length of stay (LoS)(defined here as\u2009&gt;\u20092 nights), and readmission within six months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who underwent DBS insertion between October 2016 and September 2024 in our tertiary centre. Patient and operative factors were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>397 DBS procedures(388 patients) were included. Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients constitute majority(73%), followed by Essential Tremor(13%). Mean LoS were 2.39\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 and 2.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 nights, respectively. Within PD cohort, older age and use of blood thinners were associated with increased LoS. Other factors such as gender, baseline Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-3 score, symptom duration, and operating time were not statistically significant.\u00a0Readmission rate was 10.3%(41\/397), with majority secondary to infection(20\/41) or planned readmission(13\/41). Excluding planned readmissions, average LoS during readmission was 13.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 nights, with majority readmitted\u2009&gt;\u200930\u00a0days post-discharge (15\/27). Within PD, readmission rate was 6.9%(19\/276), with skull-mounted implant use identified as risk factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified risk factors for prolonged hospital stay after DBS surgeries, with our surgical workflow, in a publicly-funded healthcare system. We also captured factors associated with readmission within six months, which is a much longer timeframe than most studies in literature. This provides information to facilitate prehabilitation, resource allocation, and patient counselling to optimise patient outcome and reduce treatment costs. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings, especially with different DBS techniques and workflows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-026-06855-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:14:30Z","timestamp":1776273270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What factors influence the length of stay and readmission after deep brain stimulation surgery? a tertiary centre study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelaine","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Ashida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.9.JNS1780","volume":"130","author":"KO Abode-Iyamah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abode-Iyamah KO, Chiang HY, Woodroffe RW et al (2019) Deep brain stimulation hardware-related infections: 10-year experience at a single institution. J Neurosurg 130(2):629\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.9.JNS1780","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"6855_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311680","volume":"87","author":"KL Adams-Carr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams-Carr KL, Bestwick JP, Shribman S, Lees A, Schrag A, Noyce AJ (2016) Constipation preceding Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87(7):710\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311680","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"6855_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000303528","volume":"88","author":"S Bhatia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhatia S, Zhang K, Oh M, Angle C, Whiting D (2010) Infections and hardware salvage after deep brain stimulation surgery: a single-center study and review of the literature. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 88(3):147\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000303528","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6855_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000537865","volume":"102","author":"AE Bishay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bishay AE, Lyons AT, Koester SW et al (2024) Global economic evaluation of the reported costs of deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 102(4):257\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000537865","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"6855_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105288","volume":"9","author":"S Bjerknes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bjerknes S, Skogseid IM, Saehle T, Dietrichs E, Toft M (2014) Surgical site infections after deep brain stimulation surgery: frequency, characteristics and management in a 10-year period. PLoS One 9(8):e105288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0105288","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.6.Jns152946","volume":"127","author":"T Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Chapple K, Lambert M, Ponce FA (2017) Complication rates, lengths of stay, and readmission rates in \u201cawake\u201d and \u201casleep\u201d deep brain simulation. J Neurosurg 127(2):360\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.6.Jns152946","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6855_CR7","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2015) Simpler and safer deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease\u00a0(SPARKS).\u00a0https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03837314. Accessed 28 Aug\u00a02020"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100003966","volume":"32","author":"C Constantoyannis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Constantoyannis C, Berk C, Honey CR, Mendez I, Brownstone RM (2005) Reducing hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation. Can J Neurol Sci 32(2):194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0317167100003966","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"6855_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1272","volume":"71","author":"MR DeLong","year":"2014","unstructured":"DeLong MR, Huang KT, Gallis J et al (2014) Effect of advancing age on outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 71(10):1290\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1272","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2023.03.011","volume":"24","author":"M Errico","year":"2023","unstructured":"Errico M, Luoma AMV (2023) Postoperative care of neurosurgical patients: general principles. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 24(5):282\u2013290","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6855_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.01.017","volume":"96","author":"CD Esper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Esper CD, Merola A, Himes L et al (2022) Necessity and feasibility of remote tele-programming of deep brain stimulation systems in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 96:38\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.01.017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"6855_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340850","volume":"2023","author":"JE Fleming","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fleming JE, Benjaber M, Toth R et al (2023) An embedded intracranial seizure monitor for objective outcome measurements and rhythm identification. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2023:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340850","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13999","volume":"11","author":"WKW Fung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fung WKW, Justich MB, Hamani M et al (2024) Remote deep brain stimulation programming in Canada. Mov Disord Clin Pract 11(5):586\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13999","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.6.17603","volume":"110","author":"A Gorgulho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gorgulho A, Juillard C, Uslan DZ et al (2009) Infection following deep brain stimulator implantation performed in the conventional versus magnetic resonance imaging-equipped operating room. J Neurosurg 110(2):239\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2008.6.17603","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6855_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033367","volume":"10","author":"JF Guest","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guest JF, Keating T, Gould D, Wigglesworth N (2020) Modelling the annual NHS costs and outcomes attributable to healthcare-associated infections in England. BMJ Open 10(1):e033367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033367","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"6855_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000096499","volume":"84","author":"C Hamani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamani C, Lozano AM (2006) Hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation: a review of the published literature. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 84(5\u20136):248\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000096499","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"issue":"10","key":"6855_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47547","volume":"15","author":"JU Hancock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hancock JU, Price AL, Zaki PG, Graves JC, Locke KC, Luck T (2023) The five-factor modified frailty index as a predictor of outcomes in deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cureus 15(10):e47547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.47547","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7","key":"6855_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314500","volume":"89","author":"AL Ho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ho AL, Ali R, Connolly ID et al (2018) Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a critical comparison and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89(7):687\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314500","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6855_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.108860","volume":"252","author":"SD Howard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Howard SD, Potluri VS, Hejazi-Garcia C et al (2025) The social deprivation index and deep brain stimulation: a cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 252:108860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.108860","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.Jns15433","volume":"124","author":"RL Jacob","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jacob RL, Geddes J, McCartney S, Burchiel KJ (2016) Cost analysis of awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation: a single academic health center experience. J Neurosurg 124(5):1517\u20131523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.5.Jns15433","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6855_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.Focus1547","volume":"38","author":"P Kalakoti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalakoti P, Ahmed O, Bollam P, Missios S, Wilden J, Nanda A (2015) Predictors of unfavorable outcomes following deep brain stimulation for movement disorders and the effect of hospital case volume on outcomes: an analysis of 33, 642 patients across 234 US hospitals using the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011. Neurosurg Focus 38(6):E4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.3.Focus1547","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"6855_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.678592","volume":"12","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim MJ, Chang KW, Park SH, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW (2021) Stimulation-induced side effects of deep brain stimulation in the ventralis intermedius and posterior subthalamic area for essential tremor. Front Neurol 12:678592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.678592","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6855_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106842","volume":"208","author":"MW Kortz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kortz MW, Kongs BM, McCray E et al (2021) How neuropsychiatric comorbidity, modulatory indication, demographics, and other factors impact deep brain stimulation inpatient outcomes in the United States: a population-based study of 27,956 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 208:106842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106842","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180121","volume":"64","author":"JS Leoutsakos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leoutsakos JS, Yan H, Anderson WS et al (2018) Deep brain stimulation targeting the fornix for mild Alzheimer dementia (the ADvance trial): a two year follow-up including results of delayed activation. J Alzheimers Dis 64(2):597\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-180121","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15734","volume":"30","author":"V Leta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leta V, Klingelhoefer L, Longardner K et al (2023) Gastrointestinal barriers to levodopa transport and absorption in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Neurol 30(5):1465\u20131480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15734","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6855_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0145-9","volume":"15","author":"P Limousin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Limousin P, Foltynie T (2019) Long-term outcomes of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 15(4):234\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0145-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6855_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","volume":"15","author":"AM Lozano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lozano AM, Lipsman N, Bergman H et al (2019) Deep brain stimulation: current challenges and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol 15(3):148\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6855_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094856","volume":"9","author":"D Martinez-Ramirez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez-Ramirez D, Giugni J, Vedam-Mai V et al (2014) The \u201cbrittle response\u201d to Parkinson\u2019s disease medications: characterization and response to deep brain stimulation. PLoS One 9(4):e94856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0094856","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014","volume":"45","author":"HS Mayberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V et al (2005) Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45(5):651\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.02.002","volume":"16","author":"A Mikos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mikos A, Pavon J, Bowers D et al (2010) Factors related to extended hospital stays following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16(5):324\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.02.002","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.6.17605","volume":"110","author":"JP Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller JP, Acar F, Burchiel KJ (2009) Significant reduction in stereotactic and functional neurosurgical hardware infection after local neomycin\/polymyxin application. J Neurosurg 110(2):247\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2008.6.17605","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opaa176","volume":"19","author":"C Moran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moran C, Sarangmat N, Gerard CS et al (2020) Two hundred twenty-six consecutive deep brain stimulation electrodes placed using an \u201casleep\u201d technique and the Neuro|MateTM robot for the treatment of movement disorders. Oper Neurosurg 19(5):530\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opaa176","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"6855_CR33","unstructured":"Ng JH, Moore M, Moran C (2025) Deep brain stimulation surgery. https:\/\/www.irishhealthpro.com\/content\/articles\/show\/name\/deep-brain-stimulation-surgery. Accessed 26\/6\/25"},{"issue":"9189","key":"6855_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4","volume":"354","author":"B Nuttin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B (1999) Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 354(9189):1526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"6855_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03196-z","volume":"30","author":"CR Oehrn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oehrn CR, Cernera S, Hammer LH et al (2024) Chronic adaptive deep brain stimulation versus conventional stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a blinded randomized feasibility trial. Nat Med 30(11):3345\u20133356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03196-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000659","volume":"11","author":"DM Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel DM, Walker HC, Brooks R, Omar N, Ditty B, Guthrie BL (2015) Adverse events associated with deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: analysis of 510 consecutive cases. Neurosurgery 11(2):190\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000659","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"6855_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1130-2","volume":"153","author":"M Piacentino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Piacentino M, Pilleri M, Bartolomei L (2011) Hardware-related infections after deep brain stimulation surgery: review of incidence, severity and management in 212 single-center procedures in the first year after implantation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 153(12):2337\u20132341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-011-1130-2","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"6855_CR38","unstructured":"Quince W (2023) Hospital Beds: Costs. https:\/\/questions-statements.parliament.uk\/written-questions\/detail\/2023-03-14\/165361. Accessed 25\/5\/2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx019","volume":"81","author":"AG Ramayya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramayya AG, Abdullah KG, Mallela AN et al (2017) Thirty-day readmission rates following deep brain stimulation surgery. Neurosurgery 81(2):259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyx019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"6855_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08102-0","volume":"46","author":"RA Ricciuti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ricciuti RA, Ottaviani MM, Mancini F et al (2025) Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comparison of accuracy and clinical outcomes of frame-based, frameless and frameless fiducial-less techniques. Neurol Sci 46(6):2675\u20132685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08102-0","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6855_CR41","unstructured":"Royal College of Surgeons of England (2024) Surgeons: cancelled NHS operations on rise as patients are let down at the last minute.\u00a0https:\/\/www.rcseng.ac.uk\/news-and-events\/media-centre\/press-releases\/rtt-waiting-times-may-2024\/. Accessed 2024\/12\/10\u00a0"},{"issue":"10","key":"6855_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad142","volume":"146","author":"AE Rusheen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusheen AE, Rojas-Cabrera J, Goyal A et al (2023) Deep brain stimulation alleviates tics in Tourette syndrome via striatal dopamine transmission. Brain 146(10):4174\u20134190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awad142","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232563","volume":"141","author":"KM Scheitler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheitler KM, Rusheen AE, Yuen J et al (2024) Clinical evaluation of a stereotactic system for single-stage deep brain stimulation surgery under general anesthesia: technical note. J Neurosurg 141(2):406\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232563","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6855_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.FOCUS20509","volume":"49","author":"E Schmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt E, Balardy L, Geeraerts T, Costa N, Bowers CA, Hamilton M (2020) Editorial. Geriatric neurosurgery: the unfolding of a new subspecialty. Neurosurg Focus 49(4):E2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.7.FOCUS20509","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"6855_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.11.023","volume":"70","author":"RB Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider RB, Jimenez-Shahed J, Abraham DS et al (2020) Acute readmission following deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a nationwide analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 70:96\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.11.023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000316002.03765.33","volume":"62","author":"KA Sillay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sillay KA, Larson PS, Starr PA (2008) Deep brain stimulator hardware-related infections: incidence and management in a large series. Neurosurgery 62(2):360\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000316002.03765.33","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"6855_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00772-5","volume":"10","author":"S Stanslaski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stanslaski S, Summers RLS, Tonder L et al (2024) Sensing data and methodology from the Adaptive DBS Algorithm for Personalized Therapy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (ADAPT-PD) clinical trial. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 10(1):174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-024-00772-5","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6855_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac631","volume":"10","author":"H Tabaja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tabaja H, Yuen J, Tai DBG et al (2023) Deep brain stimulator device infection: the Mayo Clinic Rochester experience. Open Forum Infect Dis 10(1):ofac631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac631","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"6855_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106372","volume":"200","author":"AR Tafreshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tafreshi AR, Shahrestani S, Lien BV et al (2021) Indication-based analysis of patient outcomes following deep brain stimulation surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 200:106372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106372","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"6855_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.081232","volume":"77","author":"J Voges","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voges J, Waerzeggers Y, Maarouf M (2006) Deep-brain stimulation: long-term analysis of complications caused by hardware and surgery--experiences from a single centre. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77(7):868\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.081232","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"6855_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.Jns201283","volume":"135","author":"AA Wakim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wakim AA, Mattar JB, Lambert M, Ponce FA (2021) Perioperative complications of deep brain stimulation among patients with advanced age: a single-institution retrospective analysis. J Neurosurg 135(5):1421\u20131428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.8.Jns201283","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6855_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01229-4","volume":"19","author":"J Yuen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuen J, Kouzani AZ, Berk M et al (2022) Deep brain stimulation for addictive disorders-where are we now? Neurotherapeutics 19(4):1193\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-022-01229-4","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"6855_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13483","volume":"25","author":"J Yuen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuen J, Rusheen AE, Price JB et al (2022) Biomarkers for deep brain stimulation in animal models of depression. Neuromodulation 25(2):161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13483","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06855-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06855-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06855-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T23:17:49Z","timestamp":1779664669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06855-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06855-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Study was approved by North Bristol NHS Trust Clinical Audit and Effectiveness Department. It has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable due to nature of study. Individual consent was not deemed necessary due to nature of study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"112"}}