{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:40:26Z","timestamp":1793324426749,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024211","name":"Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024211","name":"Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For over a century, the dominant hypothesis has maintained that meningiomas arise exclusively from arachnoid cap cells. However, emerging evidence from single-cell transcriptomics, spatial sequencing, developmental biology, and transgenic animal models suggests a significantly more complex and heterogeneous cellular origin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This mini-review revisits historical perspectives and critically evaluates the limitations of the traditional arachnoid-based paradigm. By synthesizing classical histological insights with contemporary molecular and proteomic data, the study explores alternative hypotheses, particularly those implicating fibroblast-like or regionally distinct meningeal progenitors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The synthesis of multi-omic and developmental data indicates that a singular cellular source is insufficient to account for the clinical and biological diversity of meningiomas. Findings suggest that meningioma ontogeny is likely driven by a broader spectrum of progenitors whose characteristics vary according to anatomical location and embryological lineage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A redefinition of meningioma ontogeny is necessary. Future classification and therapeutic strategies should reflect the inherent diversity of their cellular sources and anatomical environments, moving beyond the classical arachnoid-cap-cell model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-026-06908-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:06:57Z","timestamp":1779365217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Current evidence on the cell of origin of meningiomas disputes the arachnoid cap cell dogma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"M. Necmettin","family":"Pamir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u00e7a","family":"Er\u015fen-Danyeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koray","family":"\u00d6zduman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6908_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00174-7","volume":"8","author":"S Agnihotri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agnihotri S, Suppiah S, Tonge PD, Jalali S, Danesh A, Bruce JP, Mamatjan Y, Klironomos G, Gonen L, Au K, Mansouri S, Karimi S, Sahm F, von Deimling A, Taylor MD, Laperriere NJ, Pugh TJ, Aldape KD, Zadeh G (2017) Therapeutic radiation for childhood cancer drives structural aberrations of NF2 in meningiomas. Nat Commun 8:186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-00174-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6908_CR2","unstructured":"Aoyagi, Kyuno (1912) Ueber die endothelien Zellzapfen in der Dura mater oerebri, und ihre Lokalization in derselben. Neuroglia 11"},{"key":"6908_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1158\/ajc.1931.15","volume":"15","author":"P Bailey","year":"1931","unstructured":"Bailey P, Bucy PC (1931) The origin and nature of meningeal tumors. Am J Cancer 15:15\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/ajc.1931.15","journal-title":"Am J Cancer"},{"key":"6908_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad076","volume":"25","author":"F Barbieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barbieri F, Bajetto A, Dellacasagrande I, Solari A, Wurth R, Fernandez V, Rancati S, Ceresa D, Appolloni I, De Luca G, Dono M, Nozza P, Schiapparelli P, Gambaro M, Fiaschi P, Gaggero G, Costanzo N, Thellung S, Malatesta P, Pagano A, Zona G, De Pietri Tonelli D, Florio T (2023) Stem-like signatures in human meningioma cells are under the control of CXCL11\/CXCL12 chemokine activity. Neuro Oncol 25:1775\u20131787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noad076","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"6908_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2526","volume":"45","author":"PK Brastianos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brastianos PK, Horowitz PM, Santagata S, Jones RT, McKenna A, Getz G, Ligon KL, Palescandolo E, Van Hummelen P, Ducar MD, Raza A, Sunkavalli A, Macconaill LE, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Louis DN, Hahn WC, Dunn IF, Beroukhim R (2013) Genomic sequencing of meningiomas identifies oncogenic SMO and AKT1 mutations. Nat Genet 45:285\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.2526","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6908_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1148\/4.5.407","volume":"4","author":"MT Burrows","year":"1925","unstructured":"Burrows MT (1925) Is cancer a true disease or merely the result of a condition of change in the general organization of the organism? Radiology 4:407\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/4.5.407","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"6908_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-1459","volume":"14","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choudhury A, Cady MA, Lucas CG, Najem H, Phillips JJ, Palikuqi B, Zakimi N, Joseph T, Birrueta JO, Chen WC, Oberheim Bush NA, Hervey-Jumper SL, Klein OD, Toedebusch CM, Horbinski CM, Magill ST, Bhaduri A, Perry A, Dickinson PJ, Heimberger AB, Ashworth A, Crouch EE, Raleigh DR (2024) Perivascular NOTCH3+ stem cells drive meningioma tumorigenesis and resistance to radiotherapy. Cancer Discov 14:1823\u20131837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-1459","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"6908_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233009","volume":"339","author":"VE Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark VE, Erson-Omay EZ, Serin A, Yin J, Cotney J, Ozduman K, Avsar T, Li J, Murray PB, Henegariu O, Yilmaz S, Gunel JM, Carrion-Grant G, Yilmaz B, Grady C, Tanrikulu B, Bakircioglu M, Kaymakcalan H, Caglayan AO, Sencar L, Ceyhun E, Atik AF, Bayri Y, Bai H, Kolb LE, Hebert RM, Omay SB, Mishra-Gorur K, Choi M, Overton JD, Holland EC, Mane S, State MW, Bilguvar K, Baehring JM, Gutin PH, Piepmeier JM, Vortmeyer A, Brennan CW, Pamir MN, Kilic T, Lifton RP, Noonan JP, Yasuno K, Gunel M (2013) Genomic analysis of non-NF2 meningiomas reveals mutations in TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1, and SMO. Science 339:1077\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1233009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6908_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3651","volume":"48","author":"VE Clark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clark VE, Harmanci AS, Bai H, Youngblood MW, Lee TI, Baranoski JF, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Abraham BJ, Weintraub AS, Hnisz D, Simon M, Krischek B, Erson-Omay EZ, Henegariu O, Carrion-Grant G, Mishra-Gorur K, Duran D, Goldmann JE, Schramm J, Goldbrunner R, Piepmeier JM, Vortmeyer AO, Gunel JM, Bilguvar K, Yasuno K, Young RA, Gunel M (2016) Recurrent somatic mutations in POLR2A define a distinct subset of meningiomas. Nat Genet 48:1253\u20131259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3651","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6908_CR10","first-page":"148","volume":"11","author":"J Cleland","year":"1864","unstructured":"Cleland J (1864) Description of two tumours adherent to the deep surface of the dura mater. Glasg Med J 11:148\u2013159","journal-title":"Glasg Med J"},{"key":"6908_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(87)90118-7","volume":"120","author":"GF Couly","year":"1987","unstructured":"Couly GF, Le Douarin NM (1987) Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras. II. The prosencephalic neural plate and neural folds: implications for the genesis of cephalic human congenital abnormalities. Dev Biol 120:198\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0012-1606(87)90118-7","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"6908_CR12","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 d'anatomie pathologique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale","author":"J Cruveilhier","year":"1849","unstructured":"Cruveilhier J (1849) Trait\u00e9 d\u2019anatomie pathologique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. J.-B. Balli\u00e8re, Paris"},{"key":"6908_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3208.1001-a","volume":"24","author":"H Cushing","year":"1922","unstructured":"Cushing H (1922) The \u201cmeningiomas.\u201d The Cavendish Lecture. BMJ 24:1001\u20131002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6908_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.003","volume":"184","author":"N Dani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dani N, Herbst RH, McCabe C, Green GS, Kaiser K, Head JP, Cui J, Shipley FB, Jang A, Dionne D, Nguyen L, Rodman C, Riesenfeld SJ, Prochazka J, Prochazkova M, Sedlacek R, Zhang F, Bryja V, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Habib N, Regev A, Lehtinen MK (2021) A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages. Cell 184:3056\u20133074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6908_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.03.005","volume":"58","author":"J Derk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Derk J, Como CN, Jones HE, Joyce LR, Kim S, Spencer BL, Bonney S, O\u2019Rourke R, Pawlikowski B, Doran KS, Siegenthaler JA (2023) Formation and function of the meningeal arachnoid barrier around the developing mouse brain. Dev Cell 58:635-644 e634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.03.005","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"6908_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.06.009","volume":"54","author":"J DeSisto","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeSisto J, O\u2019Rourke R, Jones HE, Pawlikowski B, Malek AD, Bonney S, Guimiot F, Jones KL, Siegenthaler JA (2020) Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of the developing meninges reveal meningeal fibroblast diversity and function. Dev Cell 54:43-59 e44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.06.009","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"6908_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01568-6","volume":"40","author":"DM Fountain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fountain DM, Smith MJ, O\u2019Leary C, Pathmanaban ON, Roncaroli F, Bobola N, King AT, Evans DG (2021) The spatial phenotype of genotypically distinct meningiomas demonstrate potential implications of the embryology of the meninges. Oncogene 40:875\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-020-01568-6","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"6908_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8326591","volume":"2022","author":"XH Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu XH, Li JP, Li XY, Tan Y, Zhao M, Zhang SF, Wu XD, Xu JG (2022) M2-Macrophage-derived exosomes promote meningioma progression through TGF-beta signaling pathway. J Immunol Res 2022:8326591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8326591","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"6908_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.05.092","volume":"129","author":"A Gungor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gungor A, Danyeli AE, Akbas A, Eksi MS, Guduk M, Ozduman K, Pamir MN (2019) Ventricular meningiomas: surgical strategies and a new finding that suggest an origin from the Choroid Plexus epithelium. World Neurosurg 129:e177\u2013e190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.05.092","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6908_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199711000-00006","volume":"56","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Yamashima T, Kida S, Yamashita J (1997) Membranous ultrastructure of human arachnoid cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:1217\u20131227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005072-199711000-00006","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"6908_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.06.013","volume":"12","author":"TA Ince","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ince TA, Richardson AL, Bell GW, Saitoh M, Godar S, Karnoub AE, Iglehart JD, Weinberg RA (2007) Transformation of different human breast epithelial cell types leads to distinct tumor phenotypes. Cancer Cell 12:160\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.06.013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"6908_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0793-4","volume":"7","author":"G Jungwirth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jungwirth G, Warta R, Beynon C, Sahm F, von Deimling A, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Jungk C (2019) Intraventricular meningiomas frequently harbor NF2 mutations but lack common genetic alterations in TRAF7, AKT1, SMO, KLF4, PIK3CA, and TERT. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7:140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-019-0793-4","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"6908_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.609","volume":"30","author":"M Kalamarides","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalamarides M, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Niwa-Kawakita M, Chareyre F, Taranchon E, Han ZY, Martinelli C, Lusis EA, Hegedus B, Gutmann DH, Giovannini M (2011) Identification of a progenitor cell of origin capable of generating diverse meningioma histological subtypes. Oncogene 30:2333\u20132344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/onc.2010.609","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"6908_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42825-y","volume":"14","author":"NA Kearns","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kearns NA, Iatrou A, Flood DJ, De Tissera S, Mullaney ZM, Xu J, Gaiteri C, Bennett DA, Wang Y (2023) Dissecting the human leptomeninges at single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 14:7036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-42825-y","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6908_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198603000-00001","volume":"45","author":"JJ Kepes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kepes JJ (1986) Presidential address: the histopathology of meningiomas. A reflection of origins and expected behavior? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45:95\u2013107","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"6908_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05103-z","volume":"175","author":"S Kocyigit","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kocyigit S, Chavez MM, Orhun O, O\u2019Brien J, Inan A, Yasar AH, Dincer A, Moliterno J, Gunel M, Pamir MN, Ozduman K, Ersen-Danyeli A (2025) Posterior parasagittal meningiomas display aggressive features independent of size: a multicenter analysis. J Neurooncol 175:101\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-025-05103-z","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"6908_CR27","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 Pratique des Maladies Canc\u00e9reuses et des Affections Curables Confondus avec Ie Cancer","author":"H Lebert","year":"1851","unstructured":"Lebert H (1851) Trait\u00e9 Pratique des Maladies Canc\u00e9reuses et des Affections Curables Confondus avec Ie Cancer. J.B. Bailli\u00e9re, Paris"},{"key":"6908_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2053","volume":"43","author":"HY Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim HY, Kim KM, Kim BK, Shim JK, Lee JH, Huh YM, Kim SH, Kim EH, Park EK, Shim KW, Chang JH, Kim DS, Kim SH, Hong YK, Lee SJ, Kang SG (2013) Isolation of mesenchymal stem-like cells in meningioma specimens. Int J Oncol 43:1260\u20131268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2013.2053","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"6908_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1149627","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Liu J, Nai T, Yang Y, Hu Y (2023) Primary ectopic meningioma in the thoracic cavity: a rare case report and review of the literature. Front Oncol 13:1149627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1149627","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"6908_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-025-02948-6","volume":"150","author":"C Lotsch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lotsch C, Warta R, Liu F, Jungwirth G, Rommel C, Barthel M, Lamszus K, Kessler AF, Grabe N, Loehr M, Ketter R, Senft C, Maas SLN, Sievers P, Westphal M, Krieg SM, Unterberg A, Simon M, von Deimling A, Sahm F, Raleigh DR, Herold-Mende C (2025) Tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas: a novel biomarker for poor survival outperforming the benefits of T cells. Acta Neuropathol 150:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-025-02948-6","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"6908_CR31","first-page":"9","volume":"13","author":"A Louis","year":"1774","unstructured":"Louis A (1774) Memoire sur les tumeurs fongueuses de la dure-mere. Mem Acad R Chir 13:9\u201346","journal-title":"Mem Acad R Chir"},{"key":"6908_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01747-1","volume":"56","author":"CG Lucas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lucas CG, Mirchia K, Seo K, Najem H, Chen WC, Zakimi N, Foster K, Eaton CD, Cady MA, Choudhury A, Liu SJ, Phillips JJ, Magill ST, Horbinski CM, Solomon DA, Perry A, Vasudevan HN, Heimberger AB, Raleigh DR (2024) Spatial genomic, biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying meningioma heterogeneity and evolution. Nat Genet 56:1121\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-024-01747-1","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6908_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901640202","volume":"164","author":"S Nabeshima","year":"1975","unstructured":"Nabeshima S, Reese TS, Landis DM, Brightman MW (1975) Junctions in the meninges and marginal glia. J Comp Neurol 164:127\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901640202","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"6908_CR34","unstructured":"Oberlin (1931) Rechrchez sur l\u2019origine des meninges craniennes ches les vertebres. Journal D l\u2019Anatomie-Paris"},{"key":"6908_CR35","unstructured":"Patil C, Laws E (2010) Meningioma: History of the tumor and its management. In: Pamir MN, Black PM, Fahlbusch R (eds) Meningiomas: A comprehensive text. Saunders\/Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 3\u201311"},{"key":"6908_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32713","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5296","volume":"6","author":"M Peyre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peyre M, Salaud C, Clermont-Taranchon E, Niwa-Kawakita M, Goutagny S, Mawrin C, Giovannini M, Kalamarides M (2015) PDGF activation in PGDS-positive arachnoid cells induces meningioma formation in mice promoting tumor progression in combination with Nf2 and Cdkn2ab loss. Oncotarget 6:32713\u201332722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.5296","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"6908_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1093-x","volume":"125","author":"DE Reuss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reuss DE, Piro RM, Jones DT, Simon M, Ketter R, Kool M, Becker A, Sahm F, Pusch S, Meyer J, Hagenlocher C, Schweizer L, Capper D, Kickingereder P, Mucha J, Koelsche C, Jager N, Santarius T, Tarpey PS, Stephens PJ, Futreal P A, Wellenreuther R, Kraus J, Lenartz D, Herold-Mende C, Hartmann C, Mawrin C, Giese N, Eils R, Collins VP, Konig R, Wiestler OD, Pfister SM, von Deimling A (2013) Secretory meningiomas are defined by combined KLF4 K409Q and TRAF7 mutations. Acta Neuropathol 125:351\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1093-x","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"6908_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.19.5.7","volume":"19","author":"MH Ruttledge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ruttledge MH, Rouleau GA (2005) Role of the Neurofibromatosis Type 2 gene in the development of tumors of the nervous system. Neurosurg Focus 19:E6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/foc.2005.19.5.7","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"6908_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0294-180","volume":"6","author":"MH Ruttledge","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ruttledge MH, Sarrazin J, Rangaratnam S, Phelan CM, Twist E, Merel P, Delattre O, Thomas G, Nordenskjold M, Collins VP et al (1994) Evidence for the complete inactivation of the NF2 gene in the majority of sporadic meningiomas. Nat Genet 6:180\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng0294-180","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6908_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1187-5","volume":"126","author":"F Sahm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sahm F, Bissel J, Koelsche C, Schweizer L, Capper D, Reuss D, Bohmer K, Lass U, Gock T, Kalis K, Meyer J, Habel A, Brehmer S, Mittelbronn M, Jones DT, Schittenhelm J, Urbschat S, Ketter R, Heim S, Mawrin C, Hainfellner JA, Berghoff AS, Preusser M, Becker A, Herold-Mende C, Unterberg A, Hartmann C, Kickingereder P, Collins VP, Pfister SM, von Deimling A (2013) AKT1E17K mutations cluster with meningothelial and transitional meningiomas and can be detected by SFRP1 immunohistochemistry. Acta Neuropathol 126:757\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1187-5","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"6908_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30155-9","volume":"18","author":"F Sahm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Stichel D, Jones DTW, Hielscher T, Schefzyk S, Okonechnikov K, Koelsche C, Reuss DE, Capper D, Sturm D, Wirsching HG, Berghoff AS, Baumgarten P, Kratz A, Huang K, Wefers AK, Hovestadt V, Sill M, Ellis HP, Kurian KM, Okuducu AF, Jungk C, Drueschler K, Schick M, Bewerunge-Hudler M, Mawrin C, Seiz-Rosenhagen M, Ketter R, Simon M, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Becker A, Koch A, Schittenhelm J, Rushing EJ, Collins VP, Brehmer S, Chavez L, Platten M, Hanggi D, Unterberg A, Paulus W, Wick W, Pfister SM, Mittelbronn M, Preusser M, Herold-Mende C, Weller M, von Deimling A (2017) DNA methylation-based classification and grading system for meningioma: a multicentre, retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 18:682\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30155-9","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"6908_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.3.2.147","volume":"3","author":"HJ Scherer","year":"1940","unstructured":"Scherer HJ (1940) A critical review: the pathology of cerebral gliomas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 3:147\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.3.2.147","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6908_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01948415","volume":"170","author":"MB Schmidt","year":"1902","unstructured":"Schmidt MB (1902) Ueber die Pacchioni\u2019schen Granulationen und ihr Verh\u00e4ltniss zu den Sarcomen und Psammomen der Dura mater. Archiv f\u00fcr pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f\u00fcr klinische Medicin( Virchow\u2019s Achiv) 170:429\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01948415","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f\u00fcr klinische Medicin( Virchow\u2019s Achiv)"},{"key":"6908_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/290261a0","volume":"290","author":"C Shih","year":"1981","unstructured":"Shih C, Padhy LC, Murray M, Weinberg RA (1981) Transforming genes of carcinomas and neuroblastomas introduced into mouse fibroblasts. Nature 290:261\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/290261a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6908_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.004","volume":"139","author":"JA Siegenthaler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Siegenthaler JA, Ashique AM, Zarbalis K, Patterson KP, Hecht JH, Kane MA, Folias AE, Choe Y, May SR, Kume T, Napoli JL, Peterson AS, Pleasure SJ (2009) Retinoic acid from the meninges regulates cortical neuron generation. Cell 139:597\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6908_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03128","volume":"432","author":"SK Singh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, Squire JA, Bayani J, Hide T, Henkelman RM, Cusimano MD, Dirks PB (2004) Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 432:396\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03128","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6908_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051140104","volume":"114","author":"LH Strong","year":"1964","unstructured":"Strong LH (1964) The vascular and ependymal development of the early stages of the tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle of the mammal. J Morphol 114:59\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.1051140104","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"6908_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2024.100566","volume":"4","author":"HN Thirimanne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thirimanne HN, Almiron-Bonnin D, Nuechterlein N, Arora S, Jensen M, Parada CA, Qiu C, Szulzewsky F, English CW, Chen WC, Sievers P, Nassiri F, Wang JZ, Klisch TJ, Aldape KD, Patel AJ, Cimino PJ, Zadeh G, Sahm F, Raleigh DR, Shendure J, Ferreira M, Holland EC (2024) Meningioma transcriptomic landscape demonstrates novel subtypes with regional associated biology and patient outcome. Cell Genom 4:100566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xgen.2024.100566","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"6908_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.201","volume":"123","author":"E Ulgen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ulgen E, Bektasoglu PK, Sav MA, Can O, Danyeli AE, Hizal DB, Pamir MN, Ozduman K (2019) Meningiomas display a specific immunoexpression pattern in a rostrocaudal gradient: an analysis of 366 patients. World Neurosurg 123:e520\u2013e535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.201","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6908_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.08.663122","author":"E Vinsland","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vinsland E, Salas SM, Kapustova I, Hu L, Webb S, Li X, He X, Nilsson M, Haniffa M, Barker R, Persson O, Raleigh DR, Sundstrom E, Lonnerberg P, Linnarsson S (2025) Cell atlas of the developing human meninges reveals a dura origin of meningioma. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.07.08.663122","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"6908_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2024.2399252","volume":"24","author":"AJ White","year":"2024","unstructured":"White AJ, Harary M, Casaos J, Everson RG (2024) Current immunotherapy techniques in meningioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 24:931\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737140.2024.2399252","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"6908_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997","volume":"17","author":"T Yamashima","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yamashima T, Sakuda K, Tohma Y, Yamashita J, Oda H, Irikura D, Eguchi N, Beuckmann CT, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (1997) Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process. J Neurosci 17:2376\u20132382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6908_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.08.041","volume":"135","author":"FC Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang FC, Ingram DA, Chen S, Zhu Y, Yuan J, Li X, Yang X, Knowles S, Horn W, Li Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Vakili ST, Yu M, Burns D, Robertson K, Hutchins G, Parada LF, Clapp DW (2008) Nf1-dependent tumors require a microenvironment containing Nf1+\/- - and c-kit-dependent bone marrow. Cell 135:437\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2008.08.041","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6908_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.JNS191266","volume":"133","author":"MW Youngblood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Youngblood MW, Duran D, Montejo JD, Li C, Omay SB, Ozduman K, Sheth AH, Zhao AY, Tyrtova E, Miyagishima DF, Fomchenko EI, Hong CS, Clark VE, Riche M, Peyre M, Boetto J, Sohrabi S, Koljaka S, Baranoski JF, Knight J, Zhu H, Pamir MN, Avsar T, Kilic T, Schramm J, Timmer M, Goldbrunner R, Gong Y, Bayri Y, Amankulor N, Hamilton RL, Bilguvar K, Tikhonova I, Tomak PR, Huttner A, Simon M, Krischek B, Kalamarides M, Erson-Omay EZ, Moliterno J, Gunel M (2020) Correlations between genomic subgroup and clinical features in a cohort of more than 3000 meningiomas. J Neurosurg 133:1345\u20131354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.8.JNS191266","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6908_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03419-2","volume":"44","author":"T Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang T, Adams CL, Fejer G, Ercolano E, Cutajar J, Na J, Sahm F, Hanemann CO (2025) Tumour-associated macrophage infiltration differs in meningioma genotypes, and is important in tumour dynamics. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 44:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13046-025-03419-2","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06908-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06908-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06908-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T02:28:50Z","timestamp":1779676130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06908-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06908-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and\/or discussion reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The results\/data\/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration (from one of the contributing authors) by another publisher. The corresponding author has read the journal policies and submit this article in accordance with those policies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All of the material is owned by the authors and\/or no permissions are required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not report data generation or analysis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MNP, AED and K\u00d6 have authored the project. AED and K\u00d6 have prepared the figures. All authors have reviewed and edited the final version of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"114"}}