{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:59:17Z","timestamp":1785481157703,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005774","name":"Universitat de Barcelona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stereo-electroencephalography\u00a0(SEEG) is a key technique for the presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant focal epilepsy [2]. Robotic assistance facilitates precise multi-trajectory stereotactic implantation and allows workflow standardization [1, 3, 5, 9]. We describe a reproducible image-based robotic SEEG implantation protocol and report our institutional experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An image-based robot-assisted SEEG technique using the Neuromate\u00ae system combined with intraoperative 3D imaging is presented. The workflow includes hypothesis-driven trajectory planning, alphabetical trajectory sequencing, laser-verified stereotactic registration, trajectory-specific skull thickness measurement with depth-controlled drilling, reducer-guided bolt placement, and intraoperative imaging verification. Institutional procedural data were reviewed to illustrate workflow performance and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-eight patients underwent implantation of 952 SEEG depth electrodes (mean 14 electrodes per patient). Mean robotic implantation time was 198\u00a0min (SD 54.9; range 80\u2013280), corresponding to 14.1\u00a0min per electrode. Mean stereotactic registration error was 1.7\u00a0mm. Three patients (4.4%) developed intracranial hemorrhage, with one symptomatic case (1.47%) requiring surgical evacuation. This event occurred during electrode removal rather than implantation. No hemorrhage occurred during robotic electrode insertion, and no electrode repositioning or reintervention was required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Image-based robot-assisted SEEG enables accurate and reproducible multi-trajectory implantation with efficient workflow and low complication rates. Structured trajectory planning and systematic intraoperative verification may improve procedural safety and standardization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-026-06937-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:06:52Z","timestamp":1782349612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How I do it: a standardized robotic workflow for image-guided stereo-electroencephalography: technical description and institutional experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Roldan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Bedoya G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Rumi\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6937_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-026-06787-6","volume":"168","author":"A Abbas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abbas A, Sabet H, El Refaei K, AbuHamdia A, Elboraay T, Negida Y et al (2026) Robot-assisted versus frame-based stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) electrode implantation in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis of accuracy, efficiency, and safety. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 168(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06787-6","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"9","key":"6937_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz19","volume":"142","author":"F Cardinale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cardinale F, Rizzi M, Vignati E, Cossu M, Castana L, d\u2019Orio P et al (2019) Stereoelectroencephalography: retrospective analysis of 742 procedures in a single centre. Brain 142(9):2688\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz19","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6937_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111403","volume":"138","author":"CT Fish","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fish CT, Donaldson C, Laing J, Neal A, Simpson HD, Hunn M et al (2025) Evaluation of the accuracy, efficiency and safety of stereoelectroencephalography with robotic assisted electrode placement compared to traditional frame based stereotaxy. J Clin Neurosci 138:111403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111403","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"6937_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim J, Hong SW, Dao PD, Rim J, Yu JW, Ko A et\u00a0al (2025) Safety and efficacy of stereoelectroencephalography using a novel robot based on the center-of-arc principle in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. J Neurosurg 144(2):273\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.6.JNS243235","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.6.JNS243235"},{"issue":"6","key":"6937_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.4.JNS222515","volume":"139","author":"SJ Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee SJ, Lee PS, Faraji AH, Richardson RM, Kokkinos V (2023) Implantation accuracy and operative variables in robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography. J Neurosurg 139(6):1598\u20131603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.4.JNS222515","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6937_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14668","volume":"60","author":"RA McGovern","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGovern RA, Ruggieri P, Bulacio J, Najm I, Bingaman WE, Gonzalez-Martinez JA (2019) Risk analysis of hemorrhage in stereo-electroencephalography procedures. Epilepsia 60(3):571\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.14668","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"6937_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.11.119","volume":"182","author":"T Niznik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niznik T, Grossen A, Shi H, Stephens M, Herren C, Desai VR (2024) Learning curve in robotic stereoelectroencephalography: single platform experience. World Neurosurg 182:e442\u2013e452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.11.119","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6937_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.11.002","volume":"91","author":"A Spyrantis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spyrantis A, Cattani A, Woebbecke T, Konczalla J, Strzelczyk A, Rosenow F et al (2019) Electrode placement accuracy in robot-assisted epilepsy surgery: a comparison of different referencing techniques including frame-based CT versus facial laser scan based on CT or MRI. Epilepsy Behav 91:38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.11.002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"6937_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47675","volume":"15","author":"FDN Vasconcellos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasconcellos FDN, Almeida T, Fountain H, Santos Piedade G, Monaco BA, Jagid J et al (2023) Robotic-assisted stereoelectroencephalography: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety, outcomes, and precision in refractory epilepsy patients. Cureus 15(10):e47675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.47675","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"6937_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-022-01504-8","volume":"17","author":"Y Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao Y, Hu W, Zhang C, Wang X, Zheng Z, Sang L et al (2023) A comparison between robot-guided and stereotactic frame-based stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) electrode implantation for drug-resistant epilepsy. J Robot Surg 17(3):1013\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-022-01504-8","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurochirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06937-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06937-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06937-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:24:04Z","timestamp":1785479044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06937-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-026-06937-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-0940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-0940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Patients gave a written informed consent for the utilisation of the images for academic and scientific purposes.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"202"}}