{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:59:28Z","timestamp":1780905568717,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurochir"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Realistic off-patient training plays a crucial role in surgical education, particularly in complex and high-risk fields such as cervical spine surgery. To investigate effects of cadaver-based surgical education, this study investigates the educational value of a cadaver-based course in cervical spine surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>24 participants completed a three-day cadaver-based training course covering anterior and posterior cervical spine approaches in March 2024 in Sweden. The course focused on anatomical dissection with supervised instrumentation. Participants completed pre-, post-course and 6-month follow-up questionnaires assessing prior experience, post-course satisfaction, and longitudinal changes in surgical confidence and clinical impact. Educational impact was analyzed based on Kirkpatrick\u2019s model for evaluating training programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All respondents (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200923\/23, 100%) reported that the course met their expectations. At six-month follow-up, a considerable proportion of participants indicated increased surgical independence across all practiced procedures. The highest rates of perceived improvement (Kirkpatrick level 1 \u2013 reaction) in independent surgical performance were observed for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) procedures (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915\/19, 78.9%) and laminectomies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913\/19, 68.4%). Cadaveric hands-on training (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913\/19, 68.4%) and expert guidance (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093\/19, 15.8%) were indicated as the most valued aspects of the course.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the perceived impact (Kirkpatrick level 1 \u2013 reaction) of a three-day hands-on course in cervical spine surgery, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving surgical confidence and self-perceived autonomy among participants, contributing to an increased number of independently performed procedures. Overall, cadaver-based training on anatomical specimens represents a valuable addition to surgical education in the operating room for cervical spine surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-026-06939-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T11:35:46Z","timestamp":1780745746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cadaver-based hands-on course in cervical spine surgery: a prospective evaluation of surgical confidence and self-perceived autonomy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Aron","family":"Alakmeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Gabriel","family":"El-Hajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Nordquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor E.","family":"Staartjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Edstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Elmi-Terander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6939_CR1","volume-title":"How learning works: seven research-based principles for smart teaching","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ambrose SA (ed) (2010) How learning works: seven research-based principles for smart teaching, 1st edn. 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