{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:15:48Z","timestamp":1790842548566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]],"date-time":"2011-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0663-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,6]],"date-time":"2011-06-06T09:58:50Z","timestamp":1307354330000},"page":"1361-1378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Alzheimer disease: are we intervening too late?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Virginia Olga B.","family":"Emery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"663_CR1","volume-title":"Alzheimer disease and other dementias, 2nd edn","author":"ME Agronin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agronin ME (2008) Alzheimer disease and other dementias, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia"},{"key":"663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b7849b","volume":"73","author":"TN Akbaraly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akbaraly TN, Portet F, Fustinoni S, Dartigues JF, Artero S, Rouaud O, Touchon J, Ritchie K, Berr C (2009) Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. Neurology 73:854\u2013861","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR3","unstructured":"Alexopoulos GS (2003) Depressive dementia: cognitive and biological correlates and course of illness. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 398\u2013416 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66665-2","volume":"365","author":"GS Alexopoulos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alexopoulos GS (2005) Depression in the elderly. Lancet 365:1961\u20131970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"663_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1693","volume":"150","author":"GS Alexopoulos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Alexopoulos GS, Meyers B, Young R, Mattis S, Katuma T (1993) The course of geriatric depression with \u201creversible dementia\u201d: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 150:1693\u20131699","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07050744","volume":"165","author":"GS Alexopoulos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexopoulos GS, Murphy CF, Gunning-Dixon FM, Latoussakis V, Kanellopoulos D, Klimstra S et al (2008) Microstructural white matter abnormalities and remission of geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry 165:238\u2013244","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.01.019","volume":"5","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2009) Early risk assessment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement 5:182\u2013196","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"663_CR201","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn, text revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC"},{"key":"663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21552","volume":"64","author":"H Amieva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amieva H, Le Goff M, Millet X, Orgogozo JM, Peres K, Barberger-Gateau P, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF (2008) Prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease: successive emergence of clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol 64:479\u2013480","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.8.1307","volume":"41","author":"R Arora","year":"1991","unstructured":"Arora R, Emery VOB, Meltzer H (1991) Serotonin uptake in the blood platelets of Alzheimer disease patients. Neurology 41:1307\u20131309","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200009000-00006","volume":"62","author":"M Babyak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Babyak M, Blumenthal J, Herman S, Khatri P, Doraiswamy M, Moore K, Craighead WE, Baldewicz T, Krishnan KR (2000) Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapy benefit at 10\u00a0months. Psychosom Med 62:633\u2013638","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"663_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.307","volume":"67","author":"LD Baker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baker LD, Frank L, Foster-Schubert K, Green P, Wilkinson C, McTiernan A, Plymate S, Fishel M, Watson GS, Cholerton B, Duncan G, Mehta P, Craft S (2010) Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 67:71\u201379","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR12","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Aging and cognitive processes","author":"PB Baltes","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baltes PB, Willis SL (1982) Enhancement (plasticity) of intellectual functioning. In: Craig F, Trehub S (eds) Aging and cognitive processes. Plenum, New York, pp 240\u2013261"},{"key":"663_CR13","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression","author":"A Beck","year":"1979","unstructured":"Beck A, Rush J, Shaw B, Emery G (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press, New York"},{"key":"663_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152982.47274.9E","volume":"64","author":"DA Bennett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Bienias J, Evans D, Wilson R (2005) Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurology 64:834\u2013841","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.19.2349","volume":"159","author":"JA Blumenthal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blumenthal JA, Babyak M, Moore K, Craighead W, Herman S, Khatri P, Waugh R, Napolitano M, Forman L, Appelbaum L, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan K (1999) Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med 159:2349\u20132356","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"663_CR16","first-page":"586","volume":"69","author":"JA Blumenthal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blumenthal JA, Babyak M, Doraiswamy PM, Watkins L, Hoffman BM, Barbour K, Herman S, Craighead WE, Brosse A, Waugh R, Hinderliter A, Sherwood A (2007) Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 69:586\u2013587","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"663_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9781615377039.lg03","volume-title":"Treatment of recurrent depression: review of psychiatry 20","author":"R Boland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boland R, Keller MB (2001) Chronic and recurrent depression: pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy combinations. In: Greden JF (ed) Treatment of recurrent depression: review of psychiatry 20. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, pp 59\u201380"},{"key":"663_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.1.P45","volume":"62","author":"JB Boron","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boron JB, Willis SL, Schaie KW (2007) Cognitive training gain as a predictor of mental status. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 62:45\u201352","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"663_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.04.381","volume":"3","author":"R Brookmeyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM (2007) Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement 3:186\u2013191","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028932","volume":"24","author":"RG Brown","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown RG, Scott LC, Bench CT, Dolan RJ (1994) Cognitive function in depression: its relationship to the presence and severity of intellectual decline. Psych Med 24:829\u2013847. doi: 10.1017\/S0033291700028932","journal-title":"Psych Med"},{"key":"663_CR21","volume-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"JM Burns","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burns JM, Morris JC (2008) Mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Wiley, England"},{"key":"663_CR22","first-page":"203","volume":"2","author":"G Cassens","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cassens G, Wolfe L, Zola M (1990) The neuropsychology of depression. J Neuropsychiatry 2:203\u2013213","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/87565648609540348","volume":"2","author":"TH Crook","year":"1986","unstructured":"Crook TH, Bartus RT (1986) Age-associated memory impairment: proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change. Report of NIMH work group. Dev Neuropsychol 2:261\u2013276","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"663_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830020093011","volume":"53","author":"DP Devanand","year":"1996","unstructured":"Devanand DP, Sano T, Tang M, Taylor S, Gurland B, Wilder D, Stern Y, Mayeux R (1996) Depressed mood and the incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the elderly living in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:175\u2013182","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00947.x","volume":"45","author":"DP Devanand","year":"1997","unstructured":"Devanand DP, Folz M, Gorlyn M, Moeller J, Stern Y (1997) Questionable dementia: clinical course and predictors of outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:321\u2013328","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"663_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.441","volume":"71","author":"AT Du","year":"2001","unstructured":"Du AT, Schuff N, Amend D et al (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:441\u2013447","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"VOB Emery","year":"1985","unstructured":"Emery VOB (1985) Language and aging. Exp Aging Res Monogr 11:1\u201360","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res Monogr"},{"key":"663_CR28","unstructured":"Emery VOB (1988) Pseudodementia: a theoretical and empirical discussion. Western Reserve Geriatric Center Interdisciplinary Monograph Series. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"key":"663_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)60936-X","volume-title":"Memory functioning in dementia","author":"VOB Emery","year":"1992","unstructured":"Emery VOB (1992) Interaction of language and memory in major depression and AD. In: Backman L (ed) Memory functioning in dementia. Elsevier, North Holland, pp 175\u2013204"},{"key":"663_CR29","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Old age and language","author":"VOB Emery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Emery VOB (1999) The relation between memory and language in the dementia spectrum of depression, Alzheimer syndrome, and normal aging. In: Hamilton H (ed) Old age and language. Garland, New York, pp 25\u201363"},{"key":"663_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2190\/X09P-N7AU-UCHA-VW08","volume":"30","author":"VOB Emery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Emery VOB (2000) Language impairment in AD: a hierarchical decline? Int J Psychiatr Med 30:145\u2013164","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatr Med"},{"key":"663_CR31","unstructured":"Emery VOB (2003) \u201cRetrophylogenesis\u201d of memory in AD: a new evolutionary memory framework. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 177\u2013239 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR32","first-page":"A56","volume":"3","author":"VOB Emery","year":"2009","unstructured":"Emery VOB (2009) Depressive dementia: real dementia or pseudodementia? Controversies in Neurology 3:A56","journal-title":"Controversies in Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR33","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Emery PE (2007) Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Budapest Meeting Reports. Cell Stress Chaperones online 12:7F_02_P"},{"key":"663_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.3.305","volume":"149","author":"VOB Emery","year":"1992","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Oxman TE (1992) Update on the dementia spectrum of depression. Am J Psychiatry 149:305\u2013317","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR35","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 1st edn","author":"VOB Emery","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Oxman TE (1994) Spectrum of depressive dementia. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 1st edn. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp 251\u2013277"},{"key":"663_CR36","first-page":"23","volume":"4","author":"VOB Emery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Oxman TE (1997) Depressive dementia: a \u201ctransitional dementia\u201d? Clin Neurosci 4:23\u201330","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"663_CR37","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Oxman TE (2003a) The spectra of the dementias. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 490\u2013522 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR38","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Oxman TE (2003b) Depressive dementia: a \u201cprepermanent intermediate-stage dementia\u201d in a long-term disease course of permanent dementia? In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 361\u2013397 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06372.x","volume":"903","author":"VOB Emery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Gillie E, Smith J (2000) Interface between vascular dementia and AD: nosologic redefinition. Ann NY Acad Sci 903:229\u2013238","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"663_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Gillie E, Smith J (2005a) Reclassification of the vascular dementias: comparisons of infarct and noninfarct vascular dementias. Int Psychogeriatr 8:33\u201361 (Cambridge University Press Online 07 January 2005)","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610296002475"},{"key":"663_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.11.016","volume":"229\u2013230","author":"VOB Emery","year":"2005","unstructured":"Emery VOB, Gillie E, Smith J (2005b) Noninfarct vascular dementia and Alzheimer dementia spectrum. J Neurol Sci 229\u2013230:27\u201336","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"663_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.498","volume":"170","author":"T Etgen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Etgen T, Sander D, Huntgeburth U, Poppert H, Forstl H, Bickel H (2010) Physical activity and incident cognitive impairment in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med 170:186\u2013193","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"663_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.7.1006","volume":"41","author":"C Flicker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Flicker C, Ferris S, Reisberg B (1991) Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology 41:1006\u20131009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.297","volume":"67","author":"YE Geda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geda YE, Roberts R, Knopman D, Christianson TJH, Pankratz VS, Ivnik RJ, Boeve B, Tangalos E, Petersen RC, Rocca WA (2010) Physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study. Arch Neurol 67:80\u201386","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200104000-00006","volume":"15","author":"WP Goldman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldman WP, Morris JC (2001) Evidence that age-associated memory impairment is not a normal variant of aging. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 15:72\u201379","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"663_CR46","first-page":"46","volume":"3","author":"J Golomb","year":"2000","unstructured":"Golomb J, Kluger A, Ferris S (2000) Mild cognitive impairment: identifying and treating the earliest stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci News 3:46\u201353","journal-title":"Neurosci News"},{"key":"663_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.5.753","volume":"60","author":"RC Green","year":"2003","unstructured":"Green RC, Cupples A, Kurz A, Auerbach S, Go R, Sadovnick D, Duara R, Kukull W, Chui H, Edeki T, Griffith P, Friedland R, Bachman D, Farrer L (2003) Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 60:753\u2013759","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b04ae3","volume":"73","author":"CB Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall CB, Lipton RB, Sliwinski M, Katz MJ, Derby CA, Verghese J (2009) Cognitive activities delay onset of memory decline in persons who develop dementia. Neurology 73:356\u2013361","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.12.1749","volume":"64","author":"E Helzner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Helzner E, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S, Portet F, Stern Y (2007) Leisure activity and cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 64:1749\u20131754","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x","volume":"9","author":"C Hertzog","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hertzog C, Kramer AF, Wilson R, Lindenberger U (2008) Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychol Sci Pub Interest 9:1\u201365","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Pub Interest"},{"key":"663_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.4.417","volume":"62","author":"SD Hollon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hollon SD, DeRubeis R, Shelton R, Amsterdam JD, Salomon R, O\u2019Reardon JP et al (2005) Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatr 62:417\u2013422","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"663_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38683.710255.BE","volume":"332","author":"EM Hunkeler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hunkeler EM, Katon W, Tang L, Williams JW et al (2006) Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomized trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. BMJ 332:259\u2013263. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.38683.710255.BE","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"663_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.5.674","volume":"63","author":"GA Jicha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jicha GA, Parisi JE, Dickson DW et al (2006) Neuropathologic outcome of mild cognitive impairment following progression to clinical dementia. Arch Neurol 63:674\u2013681","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0318-6","volume":"116","author":"S Jungwirth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jungwirth S, Zehetmayer S, Bauer B, Weissgram S, Tragl KH, Fischer P (2009) Prediction of Alzheimer dementia with short neuropsychological instruments. J Neural Transm 116:1513\u20131521","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"663_CR56","first-page":"1209","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"E Kandel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kandel E (2000) Disorders of mood: depression, mania, and anxiety disorders. In: Kandel E, Schwartz J, Jessell T (eds) Principles of Neural Science. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 1209\u20131227"},{"key":"663_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00065-3","volume":"20","author":"J Karel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karel J, Hinrichsen G (2000) Treatment of depression in late life. Clin Psychol Rev 20:707\u2013729","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"663_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00004-6","volume":"73","author":"LV Kessing","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessing LV, Nilsson FM (2003) Increased risk of developing dementia in patients with major affective disorders compared to patients with other medical illnesses. J Affect Disord 73:261\u2013269","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"663_CR59","first-page":"11","volume":"13","author":"PM Kidd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kidd PM (2008) Alzheimer\u2019s disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and age-associated memory impairment: current understanding and progress toward integrative prevention. Altern Med Rev 13:11\u201385","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"663_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.02.346","volume":"283","author":"AD Korczyn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Korczyn AD, Halperin I (2009) Depression and dementia. J Neurol Sci 283:139\u2013142","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"663_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378302800414","volume":"28","author":"V Kral","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kral V (1983) Relationship between senile dementia Alzheimer type and depression. Can J Psychiatry 28:304\u2013306","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100036933","volume":"13","author":"V Kral","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kral V (1986) Differential diagnosis of the dementias of unknown origin. Can J Neurol Sci 13:381\u2013382","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"663_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378903400515","volume":"34","author":"V Kral","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kral V, Emery VOB (1989) Long-term follow-up of depressive pseudodementia of the aged. Can J Psychiatry 34:445\u2013447","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00357-8","volume":"62","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ, Frank E (2001) The interaction of drug and psychotherapy in the long-term treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 62:131\u2013137","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"663_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01042-8","volume":"48","author":"T-J Lai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lai T-J, Payne M, Byrum C et al (2000) Reduction of orbital frontal cortex volume in geriatric depression. Biol Psychiatry 48:971\u2013975","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610294001663","volume":"6","author":"G Larrabee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larrabee G, Crook T (2005) Estimated prevalence of age-associated memory impairment derived from standardized tests of memory function. Int Psychogeriatr 6:95\u2013104","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"663_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.3.498","volume":"58","author":"D Laurin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K (2001) Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol 58:498\u2013504","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9385-y","volume":"32","author":"BE Leonard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leonard BE (2007) Inflammation, depression, and dementia: are they connected? Neurochem Res 32:1749\u20131756. doi: 10.1007\/s11064-007-9385-y","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"663_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1044\/nnsld18.3.99","volume":"18","author":"B Lorenzen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lorenzen B, Murray LL (2008) Benefits of physical fitness training in healthy aging and neurogenic patient populations. Perspect Neurophys Neurogenic Speech Lang Disord 18:99\u2013106. doi: 10.1044\/nnsld18.3.99","journal-title":"Perspect Neurophys Neurogenic Speech Lang Disord"},{"key":"663_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2147\/nedt.2006.2.3.375","volume":"2","author":"RS Mackin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mackin RS, Arean P, Elite-Marcandonatou A (2006) Problem solving therapy for the treatment of depression: a case study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2:375\u2013379","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"663_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.1.38","volume":"63","author":"WR Markesbery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Markesbery WR, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Davis DG, Smith CD, Wekstein D (2006) Neuropathologic substrate of mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 63:38\u201346","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR72","unstructured":"McGeer, E, McGeer P (2003) Neural inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer syndrome. In: Emery, VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 121\u2013139 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR73","first-page":"17","volume":"57","author":"P McHugh","year":"1978","unstructured":"McHugh P, Folstein M (1978) Psychopathology of dementia. Res Nerv Mental Dis 57:17\u201330","journal-title":"Res Nerv Mental Dis"},{"key":"663_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1290","volume":"61","author":"PJ Modrego","year":"2004","unstructured":"Modrego PJ, Ferrandez J (2004) Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 61:1290\u20131293","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.142.2.111","volume":"142","author":"E Murphy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Murphy E (1983) The prognosis of depression in old age. BJP 142:111\u2013119","journal-title":"BJP"},{"key":"663_CR76","unstructured":"Oxman TE, Santulli RB (2003) Approaches to the treatment of dementing illness. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 463\u2013490 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR77","unstructured":"Patterson C, Clarfield M (2003) Diagnostic procedures for dementia. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 61\u201389 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002417X","volume":"19","author":"G Pearlson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pearlson G, Rabins P, Kim W, Speedie L, Moberg P, Burns A, Bascom M (1989) Structural brain CT changes and cognitive deficits in elderly depressives with and without reversible dementia (\u201cpseudodementia\u201d). Psychol Med 19:573\u2013584","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"663_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509788929237","volume":"6","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen RC (2009) Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: is MCI too late? Curr Alzheimer Res 6:324\u2013330","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"663_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","volume":"56","author":"RC Petersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC et al (1999) Mild cognitive impairment\u2014clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 56:303\u2013308","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E82","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903660106","volume":"106","author":"N Pomara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pomara N, Sidtis J (2009) Does cortical thinning in persons at increased risk for major depression also increase their risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:E82\u2013E83","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"663_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.144.5.488","volume":"144","author":"P Rabins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rabins P, Merchant A, Nestadt G (1984) Criteria for diagnosing reversible dementia caused by depression: validation by two-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 144:488\u2013492","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.161","volume":"63","author":"MA Rapp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rapp MA, Schnaider-Beeri M, Grossman H, Sano M, Perl D, Purohit D, Gorman J, Haroutunian V (2006) Increased hippocampal plaques and tangles in patients with Alzheimer disease with a lifetime history of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:161\u2013167","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR84","volume-title":"Spark: the revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain","author":"JJ Ratey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ratey JJ (2008) Spark: the revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain. Little Brown, New York"},{"key":"663_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.special_issue_1.53","volume":"62","author":"G Rebok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rebok G, Carlson M, Langbaum J (2007) Training and maintaining memory abilities in healthy older adults. J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci 62:53\u201361","journal-title":"J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"663_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060080080019","volume":"42","author":"M Reding","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reding M, Haycox J, Blass J (1985) Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic. Arch Neurol 42:894\u2013896","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR87","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Review of psychiatry, vol 9","author":"B Reifler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reifler B, Sherrill K (1990) Dementias: reversible and irreversible. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger S, Kaufman C (eds) Review of psychiatry, vol 9. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 220\u2013231"},{"key":"663_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.9.1136","volume":"139","author":"B Reisberg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Reisberg B, Ferris S, de Leon MJ (1982) The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 139:1136\u20131139","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0501-8","volume":"118","author":"T Revesz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Revesz T, Holton J, Lashley T, Plant G, Frangione B, Rostagno A, Ghiso J (2009) Genetics and molecular pathogenesis of sporadic and hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathies. Acta Neuropathol 118:115\u2013130","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"663_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06155-3","volume":"355","author":"K Ritchie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ritchie K, Touchon J (2000) Mild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status. Lancet 355:225\u2013228","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"663_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000209497.38834.d7","volume":"66","author":"T Rundek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rundek T, Bennett DA (2006) Cognitive leisure activities, but not watching TV, for future brain benefits. Neurology 66:794\u2013795","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.12.2236","volume":"57","author":"N Scarmeas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scarmeas N, Levy G, Tang M, Manly J, Stern Y (2001) Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 57:2236\u20132242","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.359","volume":"60","author":"N Scarmeas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scarmeas N, Zarahn E, Anderson K, Habeck C, Hilton J, Flynn J, Marder K, Bell K, Sackeim H, Van Heertum R et al (2003) Association of life activities with cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Arch Neurol 60:359\u2013365","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.072306","volume":"77","author":"N Scarmeas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scarmeas N, Albert M, Manly J, Stern Y (2006) Education and rates of cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:308\u2013316","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.2.223","volume":"22","author":"K Schaie","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schaie K, Willis S (1986) Can intellectual decline in the elderly be reversed? Dev Psychol 22:223\u2013232","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"663_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0579-2","volume":"113","author":"R Schliebs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schliebs R, Arendt T (2006) The significance of the cholinergic system in the brain during and in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 113:1625\u20131644. doi: 10.1007\/s00702-006-0579-2","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"663_CR98","volume-title":"Reminiscence and the self in old age","author":"E Sherman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sherman E (1991) Reminiscence and the self in old age. Springer, New York"},{"key":"663_CR99","first-page":"19","volume":"62","author":"BJ Small","year":"2007","unstructured":"Small BJ, Gagnon E, Robinson B (2007) Early identification of cognitive deficits: preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Geriatrics 62:19\u201323","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"663_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181d14633","volume":"72","author":"P Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith P, Blumenthal J, Hoffman B, Cooper H, Strauman T, Welsh-Bohmer K, Browndyke J, Sherwood A (2010) Aerobic exercise and cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med 72:239\u2013252","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"663_CR101","volume-title":"Aging with grace","author":"D Snowdon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Snowdon D (2001) Aging with grace. Bantam, New York"},{"key":"663_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00247-8","volume":"41","author":"D Steffens","year":"1997","unstructured":"Steffens D, Plassman B, Helms M et al (1997) A twin study of late-onset depression and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 as risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biol Psychiatry 41:851\u2013856","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988704269819","volume":"17","author":"D Steffens","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steffens D, Welsh-Bohmer K, Burke J, Plassman B, Beyer J, Gersing K, Potter GG (2004) Methodology and preliminary results from the neurocognitive outcomes of depression in the elderly study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:202\u2013211","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988708328213","volume":"22","author":"D Steffens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steffens D, McQuoid D, Potter G (2009) Outcomes of older cognitively impaired individuals with current and past depression in the NCOGE Study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 22:52\u201361","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"663_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0092-x","volume":"116","author":"A Strohle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strohle A (2009) Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm 116:777\u2013784","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"663_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200607000-00002","volume":"12","author":"MH Trivedi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Chambliss HO, Jordan AN (2006) Exercise as an augmentation strategy for treatment of major depression. J Psychiatr Prac 12:205\u2013213","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Prac"},{"key":"663_CR107","volume-title":"Women growing older","author":"B Turner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Turner B, Troll L (1994) Women growing older. Sage, Thousand Oaks"},{"key":"663_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000199341.25431.4b","volume":"14","author":"A Schaik van","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Schaik A, van Marwijk H, Ader H, van Dyck R, de Haan M, Penninx B, van der Kooij K, van Hout H, Beekman A (2006) Interpersonal psychotherapy for elderly patients in primary care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14:777\u2013786","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"663_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000202520.68987.48","volume":"66","author":"J Verghese","year":"2006","unstructured":"Verghese J, LeValley A, Derby C, Kuslansky G, Katz M, Hall C, Buschke H, Lipton R (2006) Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. Neurology 66:821\u2013827","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR88","unstructured":"Wegiel J, Wisniewski T, Reisberg, B, Silverman W (2003) The neuropathology of Alzheimer dementia. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 89\u2013121 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"},{"key":"663_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.01.028","volume":"5","author":"DL Weimer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weimer DL, Sager MA (2009) Early identification and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: social and fiscal outcomes. Alzheimers Dement 5:215\u2013226","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"663_CR111","first-page":"404","volume-title":"Handbook of depression","author":"MM Weissman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weissman MM, Markowitz JC (2002) Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression. In: Gotlib IH, Hammen CL (eds) Handbook of depression. Guilford, New York, pp 404\u2013421"},{"key":"663_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01236","volume":"12","author":"R Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson R, Bennett D (2003) Cognitive activity and risk of Alzheimer disease. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 12:87\u201391","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"663_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271087.67782.cb","volume":"69","author":"R Wilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson R, Scherr P, Tang Y, Schneider J, Bennett D (2007) Relation of cognitive activity to risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Neurology 69:1911\u20131920","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR114","volume-title":"World Health Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009) World Health Report. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"663_CR115","unstructured":"Zubenko G (2003) Neurobiology of major depression in Alzheimer disease. In: Emery VOB, Oxman TE (eds) Dementia: presentations, differential diagnosis, and nosology, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 444\u2013463 (Electronic edn available Dec 2008)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-011-0663-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-011-0663-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-011-0663-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:15:56Z","timestamp":1741220156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-011-0663-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-011-0663-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]]}}}