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A frequent cause of peripheral neuropathic pain is diabetic neuropathy. Its complex pathophysiology is not yet fully elucidated, which contributes to underassessment and undertreatment. A mechanism-based treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy is challenging but phenotype-based stratification might be a way to develop individualized therapeutic concepts. Our goal is to review current knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic pain, particularly painful diabetic neuropathy. We discuss state-of-the-art clinical assessment, validity of diagnostic and screening tools, and recommendations for the management of diabetic neuropathic pain including approaches towards personalized pain management. We also propose a research agenda for translational research including patient stratification for clinical trials and improved preclinical models in relation to current knowledge of underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02145-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T04:03:04Z","timestamp":1581134584000},"page":"589-624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["Challenges of neuropathic pain: focus on diabetic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela C.","family":"Rosenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian","family":"Blechschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6082-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8065-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf-Detlef","family":"Treede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2145_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.1869","volume":"28","author":"CA Abbott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abbott CA, Garrow AP, Carrington AL, Morris J, Van Ross ER, Boulton AJ, North-West diabetes foot care s (2005) Foot ulcer risk is lower in South-Asian and African-Caribbean compared with European diabetic patients in the U.K.: the North\u2013West diabetes foot care study. 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