{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:14:04Z","timestamp":1792782844623,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2007-686973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2007-686973"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a very common non-motor feature of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and the non-amnestic single-domain is the most frequent subtype. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a non-invasive technique, which is capable of enhancing cortical excitability. As the main contributor to voluntary movement control, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been recently reported to be involved in higher cognitive functioning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of tRNS applied over M1 in PD-MCI patients in cognitive and motor tasks. Ten PD-MCI patients, diagnosed according to the Movement Disorder Society, Level II criteria for MCI, underwent active (real) and placebo (sham) tRNS single sessions, at least 1 week apart. Patients underwent cognitive (Digit Span Forward and Backward, Digit Symbol, Visual Search, Letter Fluency, Stroop Test) and motor assessments (Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS-ME], specific timed trials for bradykinesia, 10-m walk and Timed up and go tests) before and after each session. A significant improvement in motor ability (UPDRS-ME and lateralized scores, ps from 0.049 to 0.003) was observed after real versus sham tRNS. On the contrary, no significant differences were found in other motor tasks and cognitive assessment both after real and sham stimulations. These results confirm that tRNS is a safe and effective tool for improving motor functioning in PD-MCI. Future studies using a multisession tRNS applied over multitargeted brain areas (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and M1) are required to clarify the role of tRNS regarding rehabilitative\u00a0intervention in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T05:02:43Z","timestamp":1600837363000},"page":"1589-1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Transcranial random noise stimulation over the primary motor cortex in PD-MCI patients: a crossover, randomized, sham-controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Monastero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Baschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero Edoardo","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Zappia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2255_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-018-0141-9","volume":"8","author":"M Adenzato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adenzato M, Manenti R, Enrici I et al (2019) Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances theory of mind in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Transl Neurodegener 8:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-018-0141-9","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"2255_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807","author":"A Antal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Antal A, Herrmann CS (2016) Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation: possible mechanisms. Neural Plast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/3616807","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"5","key":"2255_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1112-z","volume":"34","author":"A Antonini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antonini A, Abbruzzese G, Ferini-Strambi L et al (2013) Validation of the Italian version of the movement disorder society\u2014unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. Neurol Sci 34(5):683\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1112-z","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27902","volume":"35","author":"C Baiano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baiano C, Barone P, Trojano L, Santangelo G (2020) Prevalence and clinical aspects of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Mov Disord 35(1):45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27902","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2255_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171172","volume":"63","author":"R Baschi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baschi R, Nicoletti A, Restivo V, Recca D, Zappia M, Monastero R (2018) Frequency and correlates of subjective memory complaints in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without mild cognitive impairment: data from the Parkinson\u2019s disease cognitive impairment study. J Alzheimers Dis 63(3):1015\u20131024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-171172","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2255_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.202556","volume":"81","author":"DH Benninger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benninger DH, Lomarev M, Lopez G et al (2010) Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81(10):1105\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.202556","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2255_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.043","volume":"8","author":"R Biundo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Biundo R, Weis L, Fiorenzato E et al (2015) Double-blind randomized trial of tDCS versus sham in Parkinson patients with mild cognitive impairment receiving cognitive training. Brain Stimul 8(6):1223\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.043","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.062","volume":"249","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boggio PS, Ferrucci R, Rigonatti SP et al (2006) Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 249(1):31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.062","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15","volume":"26","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bohannon RW (1997) Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20\u201379 years: reference values and determinants. Age Ageing 26(1):15\u201319","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"2255_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200608000-00004","volume":"29","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bohannon RW (2006) Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther 29(2):64\u201368","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"2255_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy155","volume":"141","author":"M Bologna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bologna M, Guerra A, Paparella G et al (2018) Neurophysiological correlates of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 141(8):2432\u20132444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awy155","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2255_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.12.017","volume":"696","author":"MEB Bueno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bueno MEB, do Nascimento Neto LI, Terra MB, Barboza NM, Okano AH, Smaili SM (2019) Effectiveness of acute transcranial direct current stimulation on non-motor and motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 696:46\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.12.017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2255_CR13","first-page":"111","volume":"12","author":"P Caffarra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Caffarra P, Vezzadini G, Dieci F, Zonato F, Venneri A (2002) Una versione abbreviata del test di Stroop: dati normative nella popolazione Italiana. Nuova Riv Neurol 12:111\u2013115","journal-title":"Nuova Riv Neurol"},{"key":"2255_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.09.032","volume":"687","author":"N Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao N, Pi Y, Liu K et al (2018) Inhibitory and facilitatory connections from dorsolateral prefrontal to primary motor cortex in healthy humans at rest-An rTMS study. Neurosci Lett 687:82\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.09.032","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2255_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1542","volume":"106","author":"KS Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen KS, Chen R (2019) Invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical effects and future perspectives. Clin Pharmacol Ther 106(4):763\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.1542","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200201000-00011","volume":"9","author":"TJ Cleophas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cleophas TJ, Zwinderman AH (2002) Crossover studies with continuous variables: power analysis. Am J Ther 9(1):69\u201373","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2255_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27300","volume":"33","author":"M Dagan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dagan M, Herman T, Harrison R, Zhou J, Giladi N, Ruffini G, Manor B, Hausdorff JM (2018) Multitarget transcranial direct current stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 33(4):642\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27300","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101768","volume":"22","author":"A Del Felice","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Felice A, Castiglia L, Formaggio E et al (2019) Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and physical therapy to treat motor and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized cross-over trial. Neuroimage Clin 22:101768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101768","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2255_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27913","volume":"35","author":"M Delgado-Alvarado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delgado-Alvarado M, Marano M, Santurt\u00fan A, Urtiaga-Gallano A, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Infante J (2020) Non pharmacological, nonsurgical treatments for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Mov Disord 35(2):204\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27913","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR20","volume-title":"Counterbalancing","author":"V DePuy","year":"2005","unstructured":"DePuy V, Berger VW (2005) Counterbalancing. Wiley StatsRef:Statistics Reference Online, Hoboken"},{"issue":"2","key":"2255_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12028","volume":"7","author":"G Dirnberger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dirnberger G, Jahanshahi M (2013) Executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review. J Neuropsychol 7(2):193\u2013224","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2255_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.08.043","volume":"582","author":"D Doruk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doruk D, Gray Z, Bravo GL, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F (2014) Effects of tDCS on executive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 582:27\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.08.043","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"2255_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","volume":"22","author":"M Emre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R et al (2007) Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22(12):1689\u20131707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21507","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2255_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21012","volume":"21","author":"F Fregni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fregni F, Boggio PS, Santos MC et al (2006) Non-invasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 21(10):1693\u20131702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","volume":"17","author":"MM Hoehn","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hoehn MM, Yahr MD (1967) Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 17:427\u2013442","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2255_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540020018011","volume":"50","author":"AJ Hughes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Blankson S, Lees AJ (1993) A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arch Neurol 50:140\u2013148","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2255_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000341998","volume":"11","author":"AA Kehagia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kehagia AA, Barker RA, Robbins TW (2013) Cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the dual syndrome hypothesis. Neurodegener Dis 11(2):79\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000341998","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2255_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21787","volume":"23","author":"JY Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim JY, Chung EJ, Lee WY et al (2008) Therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: analysis of [11C] raclopride PET study. Mov Disord 23(2):207\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21787","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"2255_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27870","volume":"34","author":"K Kolmancic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolmancic K, Perell\u00f3n-Alfonso R, Pirtosek Z et al (2019) Sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Mov Disord 34(12):1873\u20131881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27870","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001956","author":"E Lattari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lattari E, Campos C, Lamego MK et al (2017) Can transcranial direct current stimulation improve muscle power in individuals with advanced resistance training experience? J Strength Cond Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001956","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2255_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13210","volume":"25","author":"CI Lau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lau CI, Liu MN, Chang KC et al (2019) Effect of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 25(11):1237\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.13210","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"2255_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4318475","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4318475","volume":"2018","author":"BJ Lawrence","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lawrence BJ, Gasson N, Johnson AR, Booth L, Loftus AM (2018) Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinsons Dis 2018:4318475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4318475","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0562-4","volume":"16","author":"HK Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HK, Ahn SJ, Shin YM, Kang N, Cauraugh JH (2019) Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve functional locomotion in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 16(1):84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-019-0562-4","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"2255_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.132","volume":"9","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP (2009) Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease by cortical stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother 9(12):1755\u20131771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/ern.09.132","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2255_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.05.025","volume":"115","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Von Raison F, Menard-Lefaucheur I, Cesaro P, Nguyen JP (2004) Improvement of motor performance and modulation of cortical excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 115:2530\u20132541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.05.025","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2255_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","volume":"131","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C et al (2020) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014\u20132018). Clin Neurophysiol 131(2):474\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2255_CR37","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment, chapter 9","author":"MD Lezak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D (2012) Neuropsychological assessment, chapter 9, 5th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 419\u2013422","edition":"5"},{"issue":"10","key":"2255_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23823","volume":"26","author":"I Litvan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Litvan I, Aarsland D, Adler CH et al (2011) MDS task force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: critical review of PD-MCI. Mov Disord 26(10):1814\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23823","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2255_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24893","volume":"27","author":"I Litvan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Litvan I, Goldman JG, Tr\u00f6ster AI et al (2012) Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: movement disorder society task force guidelines. Mov Disord 27(3):349\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.24893","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2255_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8953-1","volume":"265","author":"C Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu C, Amundsen Huffmaster SL, Tuite PJ, MacKinnon CD (2018) The effects of anodal tDCS over the supplementary motor area on gait initiation in Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait: a pilot study. J Neurol 265(9):2023\u20132032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8953-1","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2255_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26561","volume":"31","author":"R Manenti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manenti R, Brambilla M, Benussi A et al (2016) Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease is improved by transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical therapy. Mov Disord 31(5):715\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26561","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00097","volume":"5","author":"C Mastropasqua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mastropasqua C, Bozzali M, Ponzo V et al (2014) Network based statistical analysis detects changes induced by continuous theta-burst stimulation on brain activity at rest. Front Psychiatry 5:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00097","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2255_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00029-2.257","volume":"116","author":"PC Miranda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miranda PC (2013) Physics of effects of transcranial brain stimulation. Handb Clin Neurol 116:353\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00029-2.257","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2255_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/837141","author":"V Moliadze","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moliadze V, Fritzsche G, Antal A (2014) Comparing the efficacy of excitatory transcranial stimulation methods measuring motor evoked potentials. Neural Plast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/837141","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"5","key":"2255_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x","volume":"34","author":"M Monaco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monaco M, Costa A, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA (2013) Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. Neurol Sci 34(5):749\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2255_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8800-4","volume":"265","author":"R Monastero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monastero R, Cicero CE, Baschi R et al (2018) Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: the Parkinson\u2019s disease cognitive study (PACOS). J Neurol 265(5):1050\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8800-4","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0581-1","volume":"16","author":"E Morya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morya E, Monte-Silva K, Bikson M et al (2019) Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes. J Neuroeng Rehabil 16(1):141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-019-0581-1","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"19","key":"2255_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182919029","volume":"80","author":"Z Ni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ni Z, Bahl N, Gunraj CA et al (2013) Increased motor cortical facilitation and decreased inhibition in Parkinson disease. Neurology 80(19):1746\u20131753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182919029","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2255_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00021","volume":"11","author":"A Nicoletti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicoletti A, Luca A, Baschi R et al (2019) Incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the Parkinson\u2019s disease cognitive impairment study. Front Aging Neurosci 11:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2255_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.557292","volume":"21","author":"W Paulus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paulus W (2011) Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES - tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21:602\u2013617","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.01.006","volume":"6","author":"JB Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira JB, Junque C, Bartres-Faz D et al (2013) Modulation of verbal fluency networks by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Stimul 6(1):16\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2012.01.006","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"2255_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004","volume":"72","author":"C Poreisz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poreisz C, Boros K, Antal A, Paulus W (2007) Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Res Bull 72(4\u20136):208\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2255_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21333","volume":"22","author":"A Schrag","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schrag A, Barone P, Brown RG et al (2007) Depression rating scales in Parkinson\u2019s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 22:1077\u20131092","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.022","volume":"66","author":"Y Shirota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shirota Y, Ohminami S, Tsutsumi R et al (2019) Increased facilitation of the primary motor cortex in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 66:125\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.022","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2255_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.004","volume":"6","author":"F Spagnolo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spagnolo F, Coppi E, Chieffo R et al (2013) Interhemispheric balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Brain Stimul 6(6):892\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.004","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"suppl 8","key":"2255_CR56","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"H Spinnler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spinnler H, Tognoni G (1987) Italian group on the neuropsychological study of ageing: Italian standardization and classification of neuropsychological tests. Ital J Neurol Sci 6(suppl 8):1\u2013120","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2255_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25383","volume":"28","author":"GT Stebbins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Burn DJ, Jankovic J, Khoo TK, Tilley BC (2013) How to identify tremor dominant and postural instability\/gait difficulty groups with the movement disorder society unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. Mov Disord 28:668\u2013670","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"52","key":"2255_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"D Terney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Terney D, Chaieb L, Moliadze V, Antal A, Paulus W (2008) Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation. J Neurosci 28(52):14147\u201314155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2255_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00298","author":"B Tomasino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomasino B, Gremese M (2016) The cognitive side of M1. Front Human Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00298","journal-title":"Front Human Neurosci"},{"key":"2255_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21577","volume":"23","author":"B Tomasino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tomasino B, Skrap M, Rumiati RI (2011) Causal role of the sensorimotor cortex in action simulation: neuropsychological evidence. J Cogn Neurosci 23:2068\u20132078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2010.21577","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2255_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","volume":"25","author":"CL Tomlinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomlinson CL, Stowe R, Patel S, Rick C, Gray R, Clarke CE (2010) Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 25:2649\u20132653","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2255_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64142-7.00047-3","volume":"161","author":"K Udupa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Udupa K, Chen R (2019) Motor cortical circuits in Parkinson disease and dystonia. Handb Clin Neurol 161:167\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-64142-7.00047-3","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2255_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25897","volume":"29","author":"F Valentino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valentino F, Cosentino G, Brighina F et al (2014) (2014) Transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of freezing of gait: a cross-over study. Mov Disord 29(8):1064\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25897","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2255_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23695","volume":"26","author":"T Wichmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wichmann T, DeLong MR, Guridi J, Obeso JA (2011) Milestones in research on the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26(6):1032\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23695","journal-title":"Mov Disord"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T21:24:22Z","timestamp":1632345862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}