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Drug utilization data from the program \u201cDrug Safety in Psychiatry\u201d (German: Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie, AMSP) of 44,418 psychiatric inpatients with MDD were analyzed for sex differences between 2001 and 2017. Sex differences were analyzed using relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Time trends were analyzed by comparing the first (2001\u20132003) with the last time period (2015\u20132017). In general, men and women were equally likely to use psychotropic drugs. Monotherapy was more common in men. Women were more likely to utilize \u2265\u20094 psychotropic drugs. Antidepressant drugs (ADDs) were the most prescribed drug class. Men had a higher utilization of noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.12\u20131.19), especially mirtazapine (RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.12\u20131.19), but also of other ADDs such as bupropion (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.35\u20131.68). Males had a slightly higher utilization of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (RR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03\u20131.09) and were less often treated with low-potency first-generation antipsychotic drugs (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.83\u20130.90). Tranquilizing (e.g., benzodiazepines; RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.86\u20130.92) and hypnotic drugs (e.g., Z-drugs; RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.81\u20130.89) were less utilized in the treatment of male patients. Not all sex differences were stable over time. More sex differences were detectable in 2015\u20132017 than in 2001\u20132003. Findings suggest that certain psychotropic drugs are preferred in the treatment of men vs. women, however, sex differences found in this study are not as large as in ambulatory settings. To make evidence-based sex-specific recommendations in the treatment of MDD, differences in drug response and tolerability need to be further researched.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02349-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T18:02:37Z","timestamp":1620756157000},"page":"827-843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Sex differences in pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder: results from the AMSP pharmacovigilance program from 2001 to 2017"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Seifert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"F\u00fchrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias A.","family":"Reinhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf R.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqiong","family":"Bernegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"St\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eckart","family":"R\u00fcther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sermin","family":"Toto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Grohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Sieberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Greil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2349_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.004","volume":"35","author":"M Altemus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Neill Epperson C (2014) Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. 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