{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:32:29Z","timestamp":1760866349839,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012320","name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hallervorden\u2013Spatz disease (HSD) has been recently renamed to pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), mainly due to the unethical behavior of Julius Hallervorden in the National Socialist (NS) euthanasia program of the Nazi Third Reich. The role of the second name giver in the NS euthanasia program is less clear. Hugo Spatz was the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin-Buch during World War II (WWII), renamed to Max Planck Institute after 1945. After the war, he headed the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main. The present study investigates the potential involvement of Hugo Spatz in the NS euthanasia program. In the present study, we compared a list of euthanasia victims from the German Federal Archive Berlin (30.146 cases published after the reunification of Germany, BArch R179) with the files of the collection of specimens from 1940 until 1945 of Hugo Spatz as listed in the Archive of the Max Planck Society Berlin-Dahlem (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009305). Furthermore, the old term HSD and the new terms PKAN and NBIA were systematically searched in PubMed from 1946, through January 2019 to evaluate the renaming process from HSD to PKAN\/NBIA. Following Hugo Spatz\u2019s death in 1969 growing evidence indicated that he may have taken part in the NS euthanasia program. This study identifies 4 euthanized victims in the patient files of Hugo Spatz from 1940 to 1945, suggesting involvement of Hugo Spatz in the NS euthanasia program. This further strengthens the argument that the former HSD should be exclusively referred to as PKAN or NBIA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02408-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T17:16:28Z","timestamp":1634404588000},"page":"1635-1640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Renaming of Hallervorden\u2013Spatz disease: the second man behind the name of the disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Voges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kupsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194907142410201","volume":"241","author":"L Alexander","year":"1949","unstructured":"Alexander L (1949) Medical science under dictatorship. N Eng J Med 241(2):39\u201347","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"2408_CR2","volume-title":"Die Belasteten","author":"G Aly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aly G (2012) Die Belasteten. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main"},{"key":"2408_CR3","volume-title":"Eichmann in Jerusalem: a report on the banality of evil","author":"H Arendt","year":"1963","unstructured":"Arendt H (1963) Eichmann in Jerusalem: a report on the banality of evil. The Viking Press, New York"},{"key":"2408_CR31","unstructured":"Back T (2020) Fr\u00fcher Hugo-Spatz-Preis, jetzt Adolf-Wallenberg-Preis. Ein Bericht, Nervenarzt 6:559\u2013561"},{"key":"2408_CR4","volume-title":"Max-Planck- Institut f\u00fcr Hirnforschung (Hrsg) Dokumentationsstelle","author":"I Bak","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bak I, Christ J, Hassler R, Hossmann K, Kahle W, Kr\u00fccke W, Peters G, Stephen H, T\u00f6nnis W, Z\u00fclch K (1971) Leben und Werk von Hugo Spatz. Max-Planck- Institut f\u00fcr Hirnforschung (Hrsg) Dokumentationsstelle. MPG G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen"},{"issue":"7","key":"2408_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.13109\/prkk.2009.58.7.518","volume":"58","author":"T Beddies","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beddies T (2009) Die Einbeziehung von Minderj\u00e4hrigen in die nationalsozialistischen Medizinverbrechen - dargestellt am Beispiel der brandenburgischen Landesanstalt G\u00f6rden. Prax Kinderpsychol K 58(7):518\u2013529","journal-title":"Prax Kinderpsychol K"},{"issue":"9036","key":"2408_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05222-1","volume":"348","author":"PS Harper","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harper PS (1996) Naming of syndromes and unethical activities: the case of Hallervorden and Spatz. Lancet 348(9036):1224\u20131225","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2408_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1258\/j.jmb.2007.06-57","volume":"15","author":"JT Hughes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hughes JT (2007) Neuropathology in Germany during World War II: Julius Hallervorden (1882\u20131965) and the Nazi programme of \u2018euthanasia.\u2019 J Med Biogr 15(2):116\u2013122","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"key":"2408_CR8","unstructured":"Jasper H (1991) Maximinian de Crinis. (1889\u20131945). Eine Studie zur Psychiatrie im Nationalsozialismus. Dissertation, freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Matthiesen, Husum, Germany"},{"issue":"1","key":"2408_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000215880","volume":"62","author":"D Kondziella","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kondziella D (2009) Thirty neurological eponyms associated with the nazi era. Eur Neurol 62(1):56\u201364","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2408_CR10","unstructured":"Middelhoff HD (1993) Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises: \"Die Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Wiesloch w\u00e4hrend des Nationalsozialismus.\" Heft 2, Wiesloch, Germany."},{"issue":"1","key":"2408_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2011.044586","volume":"38","author":"FG Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller FG (2012) Research and complicity: the case of Julius Hallervorden. J Med Ethics 38(1):53\u201356","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"2408_CR12","volume-title":"Murderous science","author":"B M\u00fcller-Hill","year":"1998","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Hill B (1998) Murderous science. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, London"},{"issue":"3","key":"2408_CR13","first-page":"228","volume":"50","author":"J Nedoschill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nedoschill J, Castell R (2001) Der Vorsitzende der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kinderpsychiatrie und Heilp\u00e4dagogik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Chairman of the German Society for Child Psychiatry and Educational Therapeutics in World War II). Prax Kinderpsychol K 50(3):228\u2013237","journal-title":"Prax Kinderpsychol K"},{"key":"2408_CR14","unstructured":"Peiffer J (1999) Assessing neuropathological research carried out on victims of the \u2018Euthanasia\u2019 Programme: With two Lists of Publications from Institutes in Berlin, Munich and Hamburg on JSTOR. Medizinhist J.(Bd. 34, H. 3\/4):\u00a0339\u2013355"},{"key":"2408_CR15","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus","author":"J Peiffer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peiffer J (2000) Neuropathologische Forschung an \u201cEuthanasie\u201d-Opfern in zwei Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten. In: Kaufmann D (ed) Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus. Wallenstein-Verlag, G\u00f6ttingen, pp 151\u2013173"},{"key":"2408_CR16","unstructured":"Peiffer J (2005) Wissenschaftliches Erkenntnisstreben als T\u00f6tungsmotiv? : zur Kennzeichnung von Opfern auf deren Krankenakten und zur Organisation und Unterscheidung von Kinder-\"Euthanasie\" und T4-Aktion. In: Max-Planck Gesellschaft (Hrsg) Vorabdrucke aus dem Forschungsprogramm \u201eGeschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus\", Berlin, Germany, pp 1\u201363"},{"issue":"3","key":"2408_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/09647040500503954","volume":"15","author":"J Peiffer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peiffer J (2006) Phases in the postwar German reception of the \u201cEuthanasia Program\u201d (1939\u20131945) involving the killing of the mentally disabled and its exploitation by neuroscientists. J Hist Neurosci 15(3):210\u2013244","journal-title":"J Hist Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2408_CR18","first-page":"385","volume":"47","author":"P Sandner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sandner P (1999) Die \u201cEuthanasie\u201d-Akten im Bundesarchiv. Zur Geschichte eines lange verschollenen Bestandes. Vierteljahresh F\u00fcr Zeitgeschich 47(3):385\u2013400","journal-title":"Vierteljahresh F\u00fcr Zeitgeschich"},{"key":"2408_CR19","unstructured":"Schmuhl HW (2000) Hirnforschung und Krankenmord. Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Hirnforschung 1937\u20131945. Vorabdrucke aus dem Forschungsprogramm \u201cGeschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus\u201d. In: Carola Sachse (ed) Pr\u00e4sidentenkomission der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany, pp 1\u201362"},{"issue":"19","key":"2408_CR20","first-page":"A-1240\/B-1058\/C","volume":"98","author":"HW Schmuhl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmuhl HW (2001) Medizin in der NS-Zeit: Hirnforschung und Krankenmord. Dtsch Arztebl 98(19):A-1240\/B-1058\/C-988","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"2408_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48744-0","volume-title":"Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Neurologen und Psychiater im Nationalsozialismus","author":"H-W Schmuhl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmuhl H-W (2016) Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Neurologen und Psychiater im Nationalsozialismus. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"3","key":"2408_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.11.013","volume":"194","author":"WE Seidelman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seidelman WE (2012) Dissecting the history of anatomy in the Third Reich\u20141989\u20132010: a personal account. Ann Anat 194(3):228\u2013236","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"11","key":"2408_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.11.2214","volume":"42","author":"M Shevell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shevell M (1992) Racial hygiene, active euthanasia, and Julius Hallervorden. Neurology 42(11):2214\u20132219","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2408_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812454575","volume":"27","author":"M Shevell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shevell M (2012) The declining use of the Hallervorden-Spatz eponym. J Child Neurol 27(10):1308\u20131309","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2408_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00243-5","volume":"25","author":"MI Shevell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shevell MI, Peiffer J (2001) Julius Hallervorden\u2019s wartime activities: implications for science under dictatorship. J Pediatric Neurol 25(2):162\u2013165","journal-title":"J Pediatric Neurol"},{"key":"2408_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topp S (2013) Geschichte als Argument in der Nachkriegsmedizin. Formen der Vergegenw\u00e4rtigung der nationalsozialistischen Euthanasie zwischen Politisierung und Historiographie, 1. Aufl. Formen der Erinnerung, Band 053. V&R Unipress, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","DOI":"10.14220\/9783847098324"},{"issue":"4","key":"2408_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2017.06.001","volume":"41","author":"H W\u00e4ssle","year":"2017","unstructured":"W\u00e4ssle H (2017) A collection of brain sections of \u201cEuthanasia\u201d victims: the series H of Julius Hallervorden. Endeavour 41(4):166\u2013175","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"issue":"5","key":"2408_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100054068","volume":"38","author":"LA Zeidman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeidman LA (2011) Neuroscience in Nazi Europe part I: eugenics, human experimentation, and mass murder. Can J Neurol Sci 38(5):696\u2013703","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2408_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/0964704X.2013.786295","volume":"23","author":"LA Zeidman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zeidman LA, Mohan L (2014) Adolf Wallenberg: giant in neurology and refugee from Nazi Europe. J Hist Neurosci 23(1):31\u201344","journal-title":"J Hist Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2408_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812449907","volume":"27","author":"LA Zeidman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zeidman LA, Pandey DK (2012) Declining use of the Hallervorden-Spatz disease eponym in the last two decades. J Child Neurol 27(10):1310\u20131315","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02408-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02408-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02408-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T23:46:14Z","timestamp":1634946374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02408-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02408-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0300-9564"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-1463"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}