{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:53:56Z","timestamp":1790747636608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"DLR","award":["study number 01VSF16009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["study number 01VSF16009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02542-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T07:05:22Z","timestamp":1662534322000},"page":"1353-1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Off-label use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood-stabilizers in psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5892-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudrun","family":"Hefner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sermin","family":"Toto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Rei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Klimke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2542_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2019_33_445","author":"A Aguglia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aguglia A, Serafini G, Nebbia J, Salvi V, Martinotti G, Corbo M, Signorelli MS, Mineo L, Mencacci C, Di Sciascio G, Biggio G, Aguglia E, Amore M (2019) Off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in borderline personality disorder: a survey of Italian psychiatrists. J Pers Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2019_33_445","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"2542_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.015","volume":"256","author":"A Amerio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amerio A, Maina G, Ghaemi SN (2019) Updates in treating comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 256:433\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2542_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2013054","volume":"68","author":"L Andr\u00e9oli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9oli L, Gaudoneix M, Beauverie P, de Beaurepaire R (2013) Off-label prescriptions in public psychiatric hospital practice. Therapie 68(6):347\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2515\/therapie\/2013054","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"issue":"12","key":"2542_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13394","volume":"83","author":"JK Aronson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aronson JK, Ferner RE (2017) Unlicensed and off-label uses of medicines: definitions and clarification of terminology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 83(12):2615\u20132625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.13394","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-970059","volume":"40","author":"HJ Assion","year":"2007","unstructured":"Assion HJ, Jungck C (2007) Off-label prescribing in a German psychiatric hospital. Pharmacopsychiatry 40(1):30\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-970059","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2542_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.05.033","volume":"210","author":"M Augustin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Augustin M, Schoretsanitis G, Pfeifer P, Gr\u00fcnder G, Liebe C, Paulzen M (2019) Effect of fluvoxamine augmentation and smoking on clozapine serum concentrations. Schizophr Res 210:143\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2019.05.033","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2542_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0044-2","volume":"24","author":"RJ Baldessarini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, V\u00e1zquez GH (2019) Pharmacological treatment of adult bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 24(2):198\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0044-2","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"2542_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150619092353","volume":"21","author":"DS Baldwin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baldwin DS, Tiwari N, Gordon R (2015) Sense and sensibility when prescribing \u2018off-label\u2019 to psychiatric patients. Curr Pharm Des 21(23):3276\u20133279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1381612821666150619092353","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"6","key":"2542_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12814","volume":"60","author":"C Bartoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bartoli C, Berland-Benhaim C, Sastre C, Baillif-Couniou V, Kintz P, Leonetti G, Pelissier-Alicot AL (2015) Off-label prescribing by psychiatrists: what is the practitioner\u2019s liability? J Forensic Sci 60(6):1461\u20131466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12814","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3507","volume":"23","author":"MS Bauer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bauer MS, Lee A, Li M, Bajor L, Rasmusson A, Kazis LE (2014) Off-label use of second generation antipsychotics for post-traumatic stress disorder in the department of veterans affairs: time trends and sociodemographic, comorbidity, and regional correlates. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 23(1):77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.3507","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2542_CR11","volume-title":"Aripiprazole for borderline personality disorder: a review of the clinical effectiveness","author":"CADTH Rapid Response Reports","year":"2017","unstructured":"CADTH Rapid Response Reports (2017) Aripiprazole for borderline personality disorder: a review of the clinical effectiveness. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa"},{"issue":"9","key":"2542_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0169","volume":"28","author":"M Carulla-Roig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carulla-Roig M, Isomura K, P\u00e9rez-Vigil A, Larsson H, Hellner C, Mataix-Cols D, Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L (2018) Pharmacoepidemiology of tourette and chronic tic disorders in Sweden 2005\u20132013. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 28(9):637\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2017.0169","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2542_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.S157475","volume":"14","author":"E Ceskova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ceskova E, Silhan P (2018) Novel treatment options in depression and psychosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 14:741\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ndt.S157475","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.9.1.55","volume":"9","author":"L Citrome","year":"2009","unstructured":"Citrome L (2009) Adjunctive lithium and anticonvulsants for the treatment of schizophrenia: what is the evidence? Expert Rev Neurother 9(1):55\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.9.1.55","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"10","key":"2542_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12385","volume":"61","author":"GM de Kuijper","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Kuijper GM, Hoekstra PJ (2017) Physicians\u2019 reasons not to discontinue long-term used off-label antipsychotic drugs in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 61(10):899\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12385","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2542_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1271","volume":"58","author":"GM de Kuijper","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Kuijper GM, Hoekstra PJ (2018) An open-label discontinuation trial of long-term, off-label antipsychotic medication in people with intellectual disability: determinants of success and failure. J Clin Pharmacol 58(11):1418\u20131426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcph.1271","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2542_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22737","volume":"35","author":"YA de Vries","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Vries YA, Roest AM, Burgerhof JGM, de Jonge P (2018) Initial severity and antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 35(6):515\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22737","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2009.01.005","volume":"2","author":"KK Devulapalli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Devulapalli KK, Nasrallah HA (2009) An analysis of the high psychotropic off-label use in psychiatric disorders the majority of psychiatric diagnoses have no approved drug. Asian J Psychiatr 2(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2009.01.005","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2542_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2010.676","volume":"25","author":"CR Dolder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dolder CR, McKinsey J (2010) Quetiapine for sleep in patients with dementia. Consult Pharm 25(10):676\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4140\/TCP.n.2010.676","journal-title":"Consult Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0115","volume":"29","author":"MS Fallah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fallah MS, Shaikh MR, Neupane B, Rusiecki D, Bennett TA, Beyene J (2019) Atypical antipsychotics for irritability in pediatric autism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 29(3):168\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2018.0115","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2832-3-4","volume":"3","author":"KN Fountoulakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fountoulakis KN, Nimatoudis I, Iacovides A, Kaprinis G (2004) Off-label indications for atypical antipsychotics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 3(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2832-3-4","journal-title":"Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2542_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3821\/145.6.cpj280","volume":"145","author":"C Fukada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fukada C, Kohler JC, Boon H, Austin Z, Krahn M (2012) Prescribing gabapentin off label: perspectives from psychiatry, pain and neurology specialists. Can Pharm J (ott) 145(6):280-284.e281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3821\/145.6.cpj280","journal-title":"Can Pharm J (ott)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182a6096e","volume":"34","author":"P Gareri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gareri P, De Fazio P, Manfredi VG, De Sarro G (2014) Use and safety of antipsychotics in behavioral disorders in elderly people with dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 34(1):109\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182a6096e","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2542_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00689.x","volume":"185","author":"M Gazarian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gazarian M, Kelly M, McPhee JR, Graudins LV, Ward RL, Campbell TJ (2006) Off-label use of medicines: consensus recommendations for evaluating appropriateness. Med J Aust 185(10):544\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00689.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR25","first-page":"350","volume":"19","author":"U Groleger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Groleger U (2007) Off-label use of antipsychotics: rethinking \u201coff-label.\u201d Psychiatr Danub 19(4):350\u2013353","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-190197","volume":"69","author":"H Hampel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hampel H, Lista S, Mango D, Nistic\u00f2 R, Perry G, Avila J, Hernandez F, Geerts H, Vergallo A (2019) Lithium as a treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the systems pharmacology perspective. J Alzheimers Dis 69(3):615\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-190197","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2542_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/medlaw\/fws029","volume":"21","author":"R Harding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harding R, Peel E (2013) \u201cHe was like a zombie\u201d: off-label prescription of antipsychotic drugs in dementia. Med Law Rev 21(2):243\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/medlaw\/fws029","journal-title":"Med Law Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105053307","volume":"19","author":"C Haw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haw C, Stubbs J (2005) A survey of the off-label use of mood stabilizers in a large psychiatric hospital. J Psychopharmacol 19(4):402\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881105053307","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2542_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.6.5.533","volume":"6","author":"C Haw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haw C, Stubbs J (2007) Off-label use of antipsychotics: are we mad? Expert Opin Drug Saf 6(5):533\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14740338.6.5.533","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2011.590211","volume":"15","author":"C Haw","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haw C, Stubbs J (2011) Medication for borderline personality disorder: a survey at a secure hospital. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 15(4):280\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13651501.2011.590211","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"2542_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02214-x","volume":"127","author":"G Hefner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hefner G, Wolff J, Hahn M, Hiemke C, Toto S, Roll SC, Messer T, Klimke A (2020) Prevalence and sort of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions in hospitalized psychiatric patients. J Neural Transm (vienna) 127(8):1185\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-020-02214-x","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (vienna)"},{"key":"2542_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2786151","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2786151","volume":"2018","author":"M Hirakata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirakata M, Yoshida S, Tanaka-Mizuno S, Kuwauchi A, Kawakami K (2018) Pregabalin prescription for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia: a descriptive study using administrative database in Japan. Pain Res Manag 2018:2786151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2786151","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR33","first-page":"233","volume":"55","author":"R Hoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoff R, Braam AW (2013) Off-label prescriptions in acute psychiatry: a practice-based evaluation. Tijdschr Psychiatr 55(4):233\u2013245","journal-title":"Tijdschr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092573","volume":"9","author":"E Horowitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horowitz E, Bergman LC, Ashkenazy C, Moscona-Hurvitz I, Grinvald-Fogel H, Magnezi R (2014) Off-label use of sodium valproate for schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 9(3):e92573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092573","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2542_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-018-3920-4","volume":"25","author":"D Huraskin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huraskin D, Horn AHC (2019) Alkali ion influence on structure and stability of fibrillar amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers. J Mol Model 25(2):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00894-018-3920-4","journal-title":"J Mol Model"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0000000000000338","volume":"35","author":"J Kamphuis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamphuis J, Taxis K, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bruggeman R, Lancel M (2015) Off-label prescriptions of low-dose quetiapine and mirtazapine for insomnia in The Netherlands. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35(4):468\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jcp.0000000000000338","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2542_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.132914","volume":"22","author":"S Kattimani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B (2013) Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J 22(2):100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-6748.132914","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpsym.Ijpsym_563_17","volume":"40","author":"S Khanra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khanra S, Das B (2018) Off-label psychotropics use: isn\u2019t it now an inevitable and a \u201cnorm\u201d in psychiatry? Indian J Psychol Med 40(4):390\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpsym.Ijpsym_563_17","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2542_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003","volume":"27","author":"J Kleeblatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kleeblatt J, Betzler F, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, K\u00f6hler S (2017) Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: a systematic review of the evidence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 27(5):423\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716664885","volume":"62","author":"G MacQueen","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacQueen G, Santaguida P, Keshavarz H, Jaworska N, Levine M, Beyene J, Raina P (2017) Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for failed antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and subthreshold depression in adults. Can J Psychiatry 62(1):11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743716664885","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-977713","volume":"40","author":"K Martin-Latry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martin-Latry K, Ricard C, Verdoux H (2007) A one-day survey of characteristics of off-label hospital prescription of psychotropic drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 40(3):116\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-977713","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0621-2","volume":"17","author":"N Masnoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masnoon N, Shakib S, Kalisch-Ellett L, Caughey GE (2017) What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions. BMC Geriatr 17(1):230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-017-0621-2","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2542_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2165\/11632030-000000000-00000","volume":"26","author":"A McKean","year":"2012","unstructured":"McKean A, Monasterio E (2012) Off-label use of atypical antipsychotics: cause for concern? CNS Drugs 26(5):383\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/11632030-000000000-00000","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2542_CR44","first-page":"323","volume":"34","author":"AL Montejo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Montejo AL, Majadas S, Mayoral F, Sanju\u00e1n J, Ros S, Olivares JM, Gonzalez-Torres MA, Bouso\u00f1o M (2006) Analysis of prescription patterns of antipsychotic agents in psychiatry. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 34(5):323\u2013329","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1097\/mjt.0000000000000535","volume":"26","author":"A Naguy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naguy A, Al-Enezi N (2019) Lamotrigine uses in psychiatric practice. Am J Ther 26(1):e96\u2013e102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mjt.0000000000000535","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1708\/1292.14289","volume":"48","author":"G Nivoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nivoli G, Lorettu L (2013) Psychiatrist\u2019s professional liability for generic, brand, and off-label drug prescription. Riv Psichiatr 48(3):215\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1708\/1292.14289","journal-title":"Riv Psichiatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2542_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1079","volume":"109","author":"A Ornoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z (2017) Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers in pregnancy: what do we know and how should we treat pregnant women with depression. Birth Defects Res 109(12):933\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1079","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2542_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200822050-00002","volume":"22","author":"CU Pae","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pae CU, Serretti A, Patkar AA, Masand PS (2008) Aripiprazole in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders: a review of current evidence. CNS Drugs 22(5):367\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00023210-200822050-00002","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1910","volume":"37","author":"JT Painter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Painter JT, Owen R, Henderson KL, Bauer MS, Mittal D, Hudson TJ (2017) Analysis of the appropriateness of off-label antipsychotic use for mental health indications in a veteran population. Pharmacotherapy 37(4):438\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1910","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0558-1","volume":"21","author":"SK Parikh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parikh SK, Silberstein SD (2019) Current status of antiepileptic drugs as preventive migraine therapy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 21(4):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-019-0558-1","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230701866870","volume":"20","author":"NS Philip","year":"2008","unstructured":"Philip NS, Mello K, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Price LH (2008) Patterns of quetiapine use in psychiatric inpatients: an examination of off-label use. Ann Clin Psychiatry 20(1):15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401230701866870","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2542_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003150","volume":"3","author":"D Pickar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pickar D, Vinik J, Bartko JJ (2008) Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenic patients: preponderance of off-label drug use. PLoS ONE 3(9):e3150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003150","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12186s","volume":"8","author":"RJ Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts RJ, Lohano KK, El-Mallakh RS (2016) Antipsychotics as antidepressants. Asia Pac Psychiatry 8(3):179\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/appy.12186s","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2542_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2011.608351","volume":"13","author":"M Rosenbluth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenbluth M, Sinyor M (2012) Off-label use of atypical antipsychotics in personality disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 13(11):1575\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14656566.2011.608351","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"2542_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-018-0540-3","volume":"20","author":"AV Salminen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salminen AV, Winkelmann J (2018) Restless legs syndrome and other movement disorders of sleep-treatment update. Curr Treat Options Neurol 20(12):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-018-0540-3","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2542_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/pra.0000000000000405","volume":"25","author":"V Salvi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salvi V, Cerveri G, Aguglia A, Cal\u00f2 S, Corbo M, Martinotti G, Serafini G, Signorelli MS, Aguglia E, Amore M, Biggio G, G DIS, Mencacci C, (2019) Off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in bipolar disorder: a survey of Italian psychiatrists. J Psychiatr Pract 25(4):318\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pra.0000000000000405","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2542_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2006.00143.x","volume":"18","author":"L San","year":"2006","unstructured":"San L, Arranz B (2006) Mirtazapine: only for depression? Acta Neuropsychiatr 18(3\u20134):130\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2006.00143.x","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2542_CR58","first-page":"45","volume":"43","author":"A Scheltema Beduin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scheltema Beduin A, de Haan L (2010) Off-label second generation antipsychotics for impulse regulation disorders: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull 43(3):45\u201381","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"2542_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01918-x","volume":"393","author":"R Seifert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seifert R, Schirmer B (2020) A simple mechanistic terminology of psychoactive drugs: a proposal. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 393(8):1331\u20131339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-020-01918-x","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2542_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.10.005","volume":"79","author":"C Shah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shah C, Sharma TR, Kablinger A (2014) Controversies in the use of second generation antipsychotics as sleep agent. Pharmacol Res 79:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.10.005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"43","key":"2542_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20430","volume":"20","author":"P Skapinakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skapinakis P, Caldwell D, Hollingworth W, Bryden P, Fineberg N, Salkovskis P, Welton N, Baxter H, Kessler D, Churchill R, Lewis G (2016) A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children\/adolescents and adults. Health Technol Assess 20(43):1\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta20430","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"10173","key":"2542_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31793-8","volume":"393","author":"A Slee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Freemantle N (2019) Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 393(10173):768\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31793-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2542_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd005653","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005653.pub2","volume":"6","author":"J Stoffers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stoffers J, V\u00f6llm BA, R\u00fccker G, Timmer A, Huband N, Lieb K (2010) Pharmacological interventions for borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:Cd005653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005653.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2542_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198363","volume":"13","author":"A Vijay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vijay A, Becker JE, Ross JS (2018) Patterns and predictors of off-label prescription of psychiatric drugs. PLoS ONE 13(7):e0198363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198363","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980126","volume":"76","author":"M Weih","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weih M, Th\u00fcrauf N, Bleich S, Kornhuber J (2008) Off-label use in psychiatry. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 76(1):7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-980126","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2542_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200012000-00018","volume":"20","author":"E Weiss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weiss E, Hummer M, Koller D, Pharmd UH, Fleischhacker WW (2000) Off-label use of antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20(6):695\u2013698","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2542_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-812493","volume":"72","author":"T Wetterling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wetterling T (2004) Legal decisions of german supreme courts about prescription of drugs for not registered indications (\u201coff-label-use\u201d). Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 72(5):255\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2003-812493","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2542_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.04.017","volume":"87","author":"CM Wittich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wittich CM, Burkle CM, Lanier WL (2012) Ten common questions (and their answers) about off-label drug use. Mayo Clin Proc 87(10):982\u2013990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.04.017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2542_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-011-0113-1","volume":"13","author":"L Zilliox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zilliox L, Russell JW (2011) Treatment of diabetic sensory polyneuropathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 13(2):143\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-011-0113-1","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2542_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.08.019","volume":"25","author":"J Zohar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zohar J, Stahl S, Moller HJ, Blier P, Kupfer D, Yamawaki S, Uchida H, Spedding M, Goodwin GM, Nutt D (2015) A review of the current nomenclature for psychotropic agents and an introduction to the neuroscience-based nomenclature. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25(12):2318\u20132325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.08.019","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2542_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.14712\/18059694.2017.3","volume":"51","author":"DF Zullino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zullino DF, Schwartz B, Bilancioni R, Baumann P (2008) Off-Label Utilization of Antidepressants Acta Medica (hradec Kralove) 51(1):19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14712\/18059694.2017.3","journal-title":"Off-Label Utilization of Antidepressants Acta Medica (hradec Kralove)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-022-02542-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-022-02542-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-022-02542-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1665400086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-022-02542-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-022-02542-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Gudrun Hefner, Jan Wolff, Pamela Rei\u00dfner, and Ansgar Klimke declare no conflicts of interest\/competing interests. Sermin Toto is a member of the advisory board for Janssen-Cilag and Otsuka and has received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck\/Otsuka, Recordati Pharma GmbH, and Servier.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained in November 2017 in Hesse, Germany; reference number: FF 116\/2017.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors consent to participate in this study and for publication of the study results.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and for publications"}}]}}