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Translational mouse models are widely used in neuropsychiatric research, exploiting social and non-social stressors to investigate the mechanisms underlying their detrimental effects. However, most studies focus on the short-term consequences of chronic stress, whereas only a few are interested in the long-term course. This is counterintuitive given the human conditions that preclinical models are designed to mimic. In this review, we have summarized the limited work to date on long-term effects of chronic stress in mice models. First, the different models are presented and a definition of short- vs. long-term sequelae is proposed. On this basis, behavioral, endocrine, and vegetative effects are addressed before examining data on cellular and molecular alterations in the brain. Finally, future directions for research on the long-term effects of stress are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02598-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T11:52:15Z","timestamp":1676375535000},"page":"1133-1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Long-term effects of chronic stress models in adult mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6920-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Kathrin","family":"Gellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/30873","volume":"2007","author":"I Akirav","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akirav I, Maroun M (2007) The role of the medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit in stress effects on the extinction of fear. 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