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Cluster analyses have been proposed as an unbiased development approach for PD subtypes that could facilitate their identification, tracking of progression, and evaluation of therapeutic responses. A data-driven clustering analysis was applied to a PD cohort of 114 subjects enrolled at St. Josef-Hospital of the Ruhr University in Bochum (Germany). A wide spectrum of motor and non-motor scores including polyneuropathy-related measures was included into the analysis. <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>-means and hierarchical agglomerative clustering were performed to identify PD subtypes. Silhouette and Calinski\u2013Harabasz Score Elbow were then employed as supporting evaluation metrics for determining the optimal number of clusters. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted to determine the relevance of each score for the clusters\u2019 definition. Three PD cluster subtypes were identified: early onset mild type, intermediate type, and late-onset severe type. The between-cluster analysis consistently showed highly significant differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), except for one of the scores measuring polyneuropathy (Neuropathy Disability Score; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.609) and Levodopa dosage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.226). Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), Non-motor Symptom Questionnaire (NMSQuest), and the MDS-UPDRS Part II were found to be crucial factors for PD subtype differentiation. The present analysis identifies a specific set of criteria for PD subtyping based on an extensive panel of clinical and paraclinical scores. This analysis provides a foundation for further development of PD subtyping, including <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>-means and hierarchical agglomerative clustering.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>: DRKS00020752, February 7, 2020, retrospectively registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02627-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T04:03:02Z","timestamp":1680235382000},"page":"763-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Data-driven subtyping of Parkinson\u2019s disease: comparison of current methodologies and application to the Bochum PNS cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"130","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"drks00020752","registry":"10.18810\/drks"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9991-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Pitarokoili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7266-8323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Mosig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0815-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samis","family":"Zella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"T\u00f6nges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2627_CR1","unstructured":"Aggarwal CC, Reddy CK (2013) Data clustering. algorithms and applications, first edition. 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