{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:57:27Z","timestamp":1794031047758,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traditional advanced therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias like continuous apomorphine infusion (CSAI), levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), levodopa-carbidopa entacapone intestinal gel (LECIG), or deep brain stimulation (DBS) have played a central role in managing therapy-related complications. Recently, continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa infusion (CSFLI) has emerged as a novel therapeutic option. This manuscript provides insights from one year of real-world experience with CSFLI, addressing critical questions that clinicians face when selecting the most appropriate therapy for advanced PD. Our discussion centers on key considerations for patient selection, exploring which individuals may benefit more from CSFLI compared to other device-aided therapies. We highlight CSFLI\u2019s advantages in flexibility and ease of use but also consider limitations, particularly its side effects, such as skin-related issues. Recommendations are presented on how to prevent and manage these adverse effects to maximize patient compliance and therapeutic success. Additionally, the paper examines strategies for optimizing concurrent oral medications when combined with CSFLI, providing guidance on balancing pump infusion with necessary adjunctive oral treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02911-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T07:28:59Z","timestamp":1742714939000},"page":"347-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Real-world experience with continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa infusion: insights and recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Koeglsperger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emir","family":"Berberovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Dresel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Haferkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kassubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Oehlwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Paus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Paul","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.018","volume":"21","author":"H Abboud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abboud H, Floden D, Thompson NR et al (2015) Impact of mild cognitive impairment on outcome following deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park Relat Disord 21:249\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.018","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02128.x","volume":"138","author":"KM Acland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Acland KM, Churchyard A, Fletcher CL et al (1998) Panniculitis in association with apomorphine infusion. Br J Dermatol 138:480\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02128.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2911_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00533-1","volume":"12","author":"J Aldred","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aldred J, Freire-Alvarez E, Amelin AV et al (2023) Continuous Subcutaneous Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease: safety and efficacy results from a 12-month, single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study. Neurol Ther 12:1937\u20131958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00533-1","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2911_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20237","volume":"19","author":"M Alegret","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alegret M, Valldeoriola F, Mart\u00ed M et al (2004) Comparative cognitive effects of bilateral subthalamic stimulation and subcutaneous continuous infusion of apomorphine in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 19:1463\u20131469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20237","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5793-z","volume":"258","author":"A Antonini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antonini A, Isaias IU, Rodolfi G et al (2011) A 5-year prospective assessment of advanced Parkinson disease patients treated with subcutaneous apomorphine infusion or deep brain stimulation. J Neurol 258:579\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-010-5793-z","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.09.018","volume":"45","author":"A Antonini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antonini A, Poewe W, Chaudhuri KR et al (2017) Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson\u2019s: Final results of the GLORIA registry. Park Relat Disord 45:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.09.018","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1502165","volume":"34","author":"A Antonini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antonini A, Stoessl AJ, Kleinman LS et al (2018) Developing consensus among movement disorder specialists on clinical indicators for identification and management of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multi-country Delphi-panel approach. Curr Med Res Opin 34:2063\u20132073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03007995.2018.1502165","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2911_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13879","volume":"10","author":"CA Artusi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Artusi CA, Geroin C, Nonnekes J et al (2023) Predictors and pathophysiology of axial postural abnormalities in parkinsonism: a scoping review. Mov Disord Clin Pr 10:1585\u20131596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13879","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pr"},{"key":"2911_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn13-040002","volume":"13","author":"ENB Barbosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barbosa ENB, Fichman HC (2019) How is cognition in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation Parkinson\u2019s disease patients? Dement Neuropsychol 13:367\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-57642018dn13-040002","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2911_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14138","volume":"11","author":"F Bergquist","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergquist F, Ehrnebo M, Nyholm D et al (2024) Motor efficacy of subcutaneous DIZ102, intravenous DIZ101 or intestinal levodopa\/carbidopa infusion. Mov Disord Clin Pr 11:1095\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.14138","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pr"},{"key":"2911_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergquist F, Ehrnebo M, Nyholm D, et al (2022) Pharmacokinetics of intravenously (DIZ101), subcutaneously (DIZ102), and intestinally (LCIG) infused levodopa in advanced parkinson disease. Neurology 99:e965\u2013e976.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200804.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200804"},{"key":"2911_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.11.016","volume":"33","author":"R Bhidayasiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhidayasiri R, Sringean J, Anan C et al (2016) Quantitative demonstration of the efficacy of night-time apomorphine infusion to treat nocturnal hypokinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease using wearable sensors. Park Relat Disord 33:S36\u2013S41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.11.016","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02226968","volume":"13","author":"U Bonuccelli","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bonuccelli U, Piccini P, Corsini GU, Muratorio A (1992) Apomorphine in malignant syndrome due to levodopa withdrawal. Ital J Neurol Sci 13:169\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02226968","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2911_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.013","volume":"23","author":"RWK Borgemeester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borgemeester RWK, Drent M, van Laar T (2016) Motor and non-motor outcomes of continuous apomorphine infusion in 125 Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Park Relat Disord 23:17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13228","volume":"8","author":"I Boura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boura I, Haliasos N, Giannopoulou \u0399 et al (2021) Combining device-aided therapies in parkinson\u2019s disease: a case series and a literature review. Mov Disord Clin Pr 8:750\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13228","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pr"},{"key":"2911_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009822","volume":"95","author":"F Bove","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bove F, Fraix V, Cavallieri F et al (2020) Dementia and subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease: A long-term overview. Neurology 95:e384\u2013e392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009822","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00661-z","volume":"33","author":"F Carbone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carbone F, Djamshidian A, Seppi K, Poewe W (2019) Apomorphine for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: efficacy and safety of current and new formulations. CNS Drugs 33:905\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-019-00661-z","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2911_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/104012372003200309","volume":"32","author":"SN Caroff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caroff SN, Jain R, Morley JF (2020) Revisiting amantadine as a treatment for drug-induced movement disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatr 32:198\u2013208","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatr"},{"key":"2911_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8803-1","volume":"265","author":"MJ Catalan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Catalan MJ, Molina-Arjona JA, Mir P et al (2018) Improvement of impulse control disorders associated with levodopa\u2013carbidopa intestinal gel treatment in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 265:1279\u20131287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8803-1","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-150569","volume":"5","author":"C Cattaneo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cattaneo C, Ferla RL, Bonizzoni E, Sardina M (2015) Long-term effects of safinamide on dyskinesia in mid- to late-stage parkinson\u2019s disease: a post-hoc analysis. J Park\u2019s Dis 5:475\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-150569","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25994","volume":"89","author":"F Cavallieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavallieri F, Fraix V, Bove F et al (2021) Predictors of long-term outcome of subthalamic stimulation in parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 89:587\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12517","volume":"4","author":"CT Chambi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chambi CT, Rossi M, Bril A et al (2017) Diagnostic value of combined acute levodopa challenge and olfactory testing to predict Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pr 4:824\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12517","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pr"},{"key":"2911_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120608","volume":"12","author":"KR Chaudhuri","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chaudhuri KR, Ellis C, Love-Jones S et al (1997) Postprandial hypotension and parkinsonian state in parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 12:877\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870120608","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-225105","volume":"13","author":"KR Chaudhuri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaudhuri KR, Kov\u00e1cs N, Pontieri FE et al (2023) Levodopa carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease: DUOGLOBE final 3-year results. J Park\u2019s Dis 13:769\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-225105","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(88)90932-4","volume":"332","author":"TJ Christmas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Christmas TJ, Chapple CR, Lees AJ et al (1988) Role of subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian voiding dysfunction. The Lancet 332:1451\u20131453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(88)90932-4","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2911_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00085-0","volume":"21","author":"VCD Cock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cock VCD, Dodet P, Leu-Semenescu S et al (2022) Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous night-time only apomorphine infusion to treat insomnia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (APOMORPHEE): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, double-blind crossover study. The Lancet Neurol 21:428\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00085-0","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.02.015","volume":"16","author":"M Dafotakis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dafotakis M, Sparing R, Juzek A et al (2009) Transdermal dopaminergic stimulation with rotigotine in Parkinsonian akinetic crisis. J Clin Neurosci 16:335\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.02.015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2911_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27626","volume":"34","author":"HS Dafsari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dafsari HS, Martinez-Martin P, Rizos A et al (2019) EuroInf 2: Subthalamic stimulation, apomorphine, and levodopa infusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 34:353\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27626","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0000000000001277","volume":"37","author":"MN Dean","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dean MN, Standaert DG (2024) Levodopa infusion therapies for Parkinson disease. Curr Opin Neurol 37:409\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0000000000001277","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-510x(99)00052-0","volume":"165","author":"AP Denny","year":"1999","unstructured":"Denny AP, Behari M (1999) Motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 165:18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-510x(99)00052-0","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2911_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.jns182042","volume":"132","author":"G Deuschl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deuschl G, Follett KA, Luo P et al (2020) Comparing two randomized deep brain stimulation trials for Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurosurg 132:1376\u20131384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.12.jns182042","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2911_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105650","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105650","volume":"14","author":"\u015e Diaconu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diaconu \u015e, Irincu L, \u0162\u00een\u0163 D, Falup-Pecurariu C (2023) Long-term effects of intrajejunal levodopa infusion on sleep in people with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol 14:1105650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105650","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0642-1737","volume":"45","author":"G Ebersbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ebersbach G, Poewe W (2018) \u201eMedikament\u00f6s ausbehandelte Fluktuationen\u201c trotz \u201eoptimierter peroraler\/transdermaler Therapie\u201c bei Morbus Parkinson: Versuch einer pragmatischen Definition. Aktuelle Neurol 45:665\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0642-1737","journal-title":"Aktuelle Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s42451-024-00700-0","volume":"7","author":"G Ebersbach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ebersbach G, H\u00f6glinger GU, Koeglsperger T, Poewe W (2024) Zustandsschwankungen bei der Parkinson-Krankheit jenseits von On-\/Off-Fluktuationen. Dgneurologie 7:453\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42451-024-00700-0","journal-title":"Dgneurologie"},{"key":"2911_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03437.x","volume":"19","author":"AE Elia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elia AE, Dollenz C, Soliveri P, Albanese A (2012) Motor features and response to oral levodopa in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease under continuous dopaminergic infusion or deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurol 19:76\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03437.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29685","volume":"39","author":"AJ Espay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Espay AJ, Hauser RA, Dhall R et al (2024a) Safety and efficacy of IPX203 in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: the RISE-PD open-label extension study. Mov Disord 39:428\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29685","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106088","volume":"122","author":"AJ Espay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Espay AJ, Ostrem JL, Formella AE, Tanner CM (2024b) Extended-release amantadine for OFF-related dystonia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park Relat Disord 122:106088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106088","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00052-8","volume":"23","author":"AJ Espay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Espay AJ, Stocchi F, Pahwa R et al (2024c) Safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous levodopa\u2013carbidopa infusion (ND0612) for Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor fluctuations (BouNDless): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 23:465\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00052-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00435-8","volume":"12","author":"M Fabbri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fabbri M, Barbosa R, Rascol O (2023) Off-time Treatment options for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol Ther 12:391\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-022-00435-8","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2911_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26102","volume":"30","author":"S Fahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fahn S (2015) The medical treatment of Parkinson disease from James Parkinson to George Cotzias. Mov Disord 30:4\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26102","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq221","volume":"133","author":"A Fasano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fasano A, Romito LM, Daniele A et al (2010) Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease 8 years after subthalamic implants. Brain 133:2664\u20132676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq221","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2911_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11615-3","volume":"270","author":"A Fasano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fasano A, Garc\u00eda-Ramos R, Gurevich T et al (2023) Levodopa\u2013carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: long-term results from COSMOS. J Neurol 270:2765\u20132775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11615-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105514","volume":"116","author":"HH Fernandez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandez HH, Odin P, Standaert DG et al (2023) Healthcare resource utilization and device-aided therapy discussions with eligible patients across the Parkinson\u2019s disease continuum: Revelations from the MANAGE-PD validation cohort. Park Relat Disord 116:105514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105514","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13338","volume":"8","author":"G Fern\u00e1ndez-Pajar\u00edn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pajar\u00edn G, Sesar \u00c1, Ares B et al (2021) Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion before subthalamic deep brain stimulation: a prospective, comparative study in 20 patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract 8:1216\u20131224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13338","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2911_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00336-1","volume":"15","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha J-F et al (2016) Opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 15:154\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00336-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13914","volume":"26","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha J-F et al (2019) Long-term efficacy of opicapone in fluctuating Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a pooled analysis of data from two phase 3 clinical trials and their open-label extensions. Eur J Neurol 26:953\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13914","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2133-1575","volume":"42","author":"UM Fietzek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fietzek UM, Messner M, Levin J (2023) Kann KI Parkinson? Nervenheilkunde 42:612\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2133-1575","journal-title":"Nervenheilkunde"},{"key":"2911_CR48","first-page":"281","volume":"85","author":"S Fiore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fiore S, Persichino L, Anticoli S, Pandis MFD (2014) A neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome (NMLS) in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease resolved with rotigotine: a case report. Acta BioMed 85:281\u2013284","journal-title":"Acta BioMed"},{"key":"2911_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.021","volume":"134","author":"C Franke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franke C, Storch A (2017) Chapter thirty-three nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int Rev Neurobiol 134:947\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.021","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"2911_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.07.020","volume":"32","author":"M Fujimiya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fujimiya M, Ataka K, Asakawa A et al (2011) Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin on the gastrointestinal motility. Peptides 32:2348\u20132351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.07.020","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2911_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.078659","volume":"77","author":"DD Gaspari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gaspari DD, Siri C, Landi A et al (2006) Clinical and neuropsychological follow up at 12 months in patients with complicated Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with subcutaneous apomorphine infusion or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 77:450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.078659","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"2911_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1166","volume":"16","author":"PH Gordon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gordon PH, Frucht SJ (2001) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 16:960\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.1166","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR53","first-page":"415","volume":"46","author":"W Greulich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Greulich W, Fenger E (1995) Amantadine in Parkinson\u2019s disease: pro and contra. J Neural Transm Suppl 46:415\u2013421","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"2911_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120339","volume":"440","author":"S Healy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Healy S, Shepherd H, Mooney N et al (2022) The effect of deep brain stimulation on impulse control related disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease \u2013 A 10-year retrospective study of 137 patients. J Neurol Sci 440:120339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120339","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2911_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.06.001","volume":"20","author":"MC Hechtner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hechtner MC, Vogt T, Z\u00f6llner Y et al (2014) Quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in five European countries. Park Relat Disord 20:969\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.06.001","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.47.5.1180","volume":"47","author":"ME Hillen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hillen ME, Sage JI (1996) Nonmotor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 47:1180\u20131183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.47.5.1180","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR57","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger G (2023) DGN S2k Leitlinie Parkinson-Krankheit"},{"key":"2911_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22596","volume":"24","author":"H Honig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Honig H, Antonini A, Martinez-Martin P et al (2009) Intrajejunal levodopa infusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A pilot multicenter study of effects on nonmotor symptoms and quality of life. Mov Disord 24:1468\u20131474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22596","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.716990","volume":"13","author":"YE Huh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huh YE, Seo D-W, Kim K et al (2022) Factors contributing to the severity and laterality of pisa syndrome in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 13:716990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.716990","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2911_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.173286","volume":"81","author":"SW Hung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hung SW, Adeli GM, Arenovich T et al (2010) Patient perception of dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 81:1112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.173286","journal-title":"J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2911_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15558","volume":"30","author":"G Imbalzano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Imbalzano G, Rinaldi D, Calandra-Buonaura G et al (2023) How resistant are levodopa-resistant axial symptoms? Response of freezing, posture, and voice to increasing levodopa intestinal infusion rates in Parkinson disease. Eur J Neurol 30:96\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15558","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.32","volume":"66","author":"Investigators PSGCC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Investigators PSGCC (2009) Long-term effect of initiating Pramipexole vs Levodopa in early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 66:563\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2009.32","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29410","volume":"38","author":"ST Jost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jost ST, Kaldenbach M, Antonini A et al (2023a) Levodopa dose equivalency in Parkinson\u2019s disease: updated systematic review and proposals. Mov Disord 38:1236\u20131252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29410","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02636-3","volume":"130","author":"WH Jost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jost WH, Kulisevsky J, LeWitt PA (2023b) Inhaled levodopa for threatening impending OFF episodes in managing Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 130:821\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-023-02636-3","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2911_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20325","volume":"20","author":"CM Kipps","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kipps CM, Fung VSC, Grattan-Smith P et al (2005) Movement disorder emergencies. Mov Disord 20:322\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20325","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02252624","volume":"6","author":"J Kornhuber","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kornhuber J, Weller M, Riederer P (1993) Glutamate receptor antagonists for neuroleptic malignant syndrome and akitetic hyperthermic Parkinsonian crisis. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 6:63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02252624","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect"},{"key":"2911_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13810","volume":"10","author":"PL Kukkle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kukkle PL, Garg D, Merello M (2023) Continuous subcutaneous infusion delivery of apomorphine in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Mov Disord Clin Pr 10:1253\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13810","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pr"},{"key":"2911_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000113484","volume":"38","author":"S Kuno","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kuno S, Mizuta E, Yamasaki S (1997) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinsonian patients: risk factors. Eur Neurol 38:56\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000113484","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Labeit B, Berkovich E, Claus I, et al (2022) Dysphagia for medication in Parkinson\u2019s disease. npj Parkinsons Dis 8:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-022-00421-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00421-9"},{"key":"2911_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410200212","volume":"20","author":"KL Leenders","year":"1986","unstructured":"Leenders KL, Poewe WH, Palmer AJ et al (1986) Inhibition of L-{18F}fluorodopa uptake into human brain by amino acids demonstrated by positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 20:258\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410200212","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4703","volume":"74","author":"AJ Lees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lees AJ, Ferreira J, Rascol O et al (2017) Opicapone as adjunct to levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 74:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4703","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080773","volume":"11","author":"V Leta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leta V, Dafsari HS, Sauerbier A et al (2021) Personalised advanced therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the role of non-motor symptoms profile. J Pers Med 11:773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11080773","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2911_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws078","volume":"135","author":"E Lhomm\u00e9e","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lhomm\u00e9e E, Klinger H, Thobois S et al (2012) Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: restoring the balance of motivated behaviours. Brain 135:1463\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws078","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2911_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lhomm\u00e9e E, Wojtecki L, Czernecki V et al (2018) Behavioural outcomes of subthalamic stimulation and medical therapy versus medical therapy alone for Parkinson\u2019s disease with early motor complications (EARLYSTIM trial): secondary analysis of an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 17:223\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30035-8","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30035-8"},{"key":"2911_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323656","volume":"92","author":"F Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin F, Wu D, Yu J et al (2021) Comparison of efficacy of deep brain stimulation and focused ultrasound in parkinsonian tremor: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry 92:434\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323656","journal-title":"J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2911_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00934","volume":"10","author":"XD Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu XD, Bao Y, Liu GJ (2019) Comparison between levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion and subthalamic nucleus deep-brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 10:934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00934","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loeffler MA, Mengel A, Single C, et al (2024) Subcutaneous foslevodopa in akinetic crisis. A case report from the neurological intensive care unit. Front Med 11:1446345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1446345","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1446345"},{"key":"2911_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09337-6","volume":"266","author":"L Lopiano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopiano L, Modugno N, Marano P et al (2019) Motor and non-motor outcomes in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with levodopa\/carbidopa intestinal gel: final results of the GREENFIELD observational study. J Neurol 266:2164\u20132176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09337-6","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luquin M-R, Kulisevsky J, Martinez-Martin P, et al. (2017) Consensus on the definition of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a neurologists-based delphi study (CEPA Study). Parkinsons Dis 2017:4047392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4047392","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4047392"},{"key":"2911_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-160836","volume":"6","author":"NG Margraf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Margraf NG, Wrede A, Deuschl G, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ (2016) Pathophysiological concepts and treatment of camptocormia. J Park\u2019s Dis 6:485\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-160836","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21586","volume":"22","author":"P Martinez-Martin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AHV, Stocchi F et al (2007) Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients. Mov Disord 22:1623\u20131629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21586","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-2011-11037","volume":"1","author":"P Martinez-Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez-Martin P, Reddy P, Antonini A et al (2011) Chronic subcutaneous infusion therapy with apomorphine in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease compared to conventional therapy: a real life study of non motor effect. J Park Dis 1:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-2011-11037","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mendes-Bastos P, Simoes RM (2024) Algorithm for managing infusion site adverse events caused by subcutaneous foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa and other device-aided therapies for advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 107185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107185"},{"key":"2911_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10123","volume":"17","author":"M Merello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Merello M, Nouzeilles MI, Arce GP, Leiguarda R (2002) Accuracy of acute levodopa challenge for clinical prediction of sustained long-term levodopa response as a major criterion for idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis. Mov Disord 17:795\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10123","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200307000-00009","volume":"26","author":"D Merims","year":"2003","unstructured":"Merims D, Djaldetti R, Melamed E (2003) Waiting for ON: a major problem in patients with Parkinson disease and ON\/OFF motor fluctuations. Clin Neuropharmacol 26:196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002826-200307000-00009","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2911_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23524","volume":"26","author":"A Merola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merola A, Zibetti M, Angrisano S et al (2011) Comparison of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and Duodopa in the treatment of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26:664\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23524","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.11.1695","volume":"6","author":"E Moro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moro E, Lang AE (2006) Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: review and analysis. Expert Rev Neurother 6:1695\u20131705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.6.11.1695","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2911_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22546","volume":"24","author":"A Nebe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nebe A, Ebersbach G (2009) Pain intensity on and off levodopa in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 24:1233\u20131237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22546","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198402233100802","volume":"310","author":"JG Nutt","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP et al (1984) The on\u2013off phenomenon in Parkinson\u2019s Disease \u2014 relation to levodopa absorption and transport. N Engl J Med 310:483\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm198402233100802","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2911_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.07.020","volume":"21","author":"P Odin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Odin P, Chaudhuri KR, Slevin JT et al (2015) Collective physician perspectives on non-oral medication approaches for the management of clinically relevant unresolved issues in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Consensus from an international survey and discussion program. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 21:1133\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.07.020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000157058.17871.7b","volume":"64","author":"M Onofrj","year":"2005","unstructured":"Onofrj M, Thomas A (2005) Acute akinesia in Parkinson disease. Neurology 64:1162\u20131169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000157058.17871.7b","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.03.020","volume":"52","author":"R Ou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ou R, Liu H, Hou Y et al (2018) Predictors of camptocormia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A prospective study from southwest China. Park Relat Disord 52:69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.03.020","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00486-5","volume":"12","author":"R Pahwa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Pagan FL, Kremens DE, Saint-Hilaire M (2023) Clinical use of on-demand therapies for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and OFF periods. Neurol Ther 12:1033\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00486-5","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2911_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","volume":"14","author":"J Parkinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parkinson J (2002) An essay on the shaking palsy. J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 14:223\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2911_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz285","volume":"142","author":"JN Petry-Schmelzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petry-Schmelzer JN, Krause M, Dembek TA et al (2019) Non-motor outcomes depend on location of neurostimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 142:3592\u20133604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz285","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2911_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-018-0539-9","volume":"20","author":"RF Pfeiffer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfeiffer RF (2018) Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol 20:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-018-0539-9","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61789-3","volume":"10","author":"FMJ Pfister","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfister FMJ, Um TT, Pichler DC et al (2020) High-resolution motor state detection in Parkinson\u2019s disease using convolutional neural networks. Sci Rep 10:5860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61789-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2911_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-225060","volume":"13","author":"W Pirker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pirker W, Katzenschlager R, Hallett M, Poewe W (2023) Pharmacological treatment of tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease revisited. J Park\u2019s Dis 13:127\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-225060","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM et al (2017) Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim 3:17013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"2911_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12649-x","volume":"271","author":"M P\u00f6tter-Nerger","year":"2024","unstructured":"P\u00f6tter-Nerger M, L\u00f6hle M, H\u00f6glinger G, Poewe W, Group GPG (2024) Akinetic crisis and withdrawal syndromes: guideline \u201cParkinson\u2019s disease\u201d of the German Society of Neurology. J Neurol 271:6485\u20136493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12649-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2078","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000207858","volume":"101","author":"D P\u00fcrner","year":"2023","unstructured":"P\u00fcrner D, Hormozi M, Wei\u00df D et al (2023) Nationwide retrospective analysis of combinations of advanced therapies in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 101:e2078\u2013e2093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000207858","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.294","volume":"67","author":"CA Rabinak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ (2010) Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 67:58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2009.294","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12915-6","volume":"272","author":"R Reese","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reese R, Koeglsperger T, Schrader C et al (2025) Invasive therapies for Parkinson\u2019s disease: an adapted excerpt from the guidelines of the German Society of Neurology. J Neurol 272:219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-12915-6","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00732.x","volume":"100","author":"I Reuter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reuter I, Ellis CM, Chaudhuri KR (1999) Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease and restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 100:163\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00732.x","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2911_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26564","volume":"31","author":"L Ricciardi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ricciardi L, Bove F, Espay KJ et al (2016) 24-Hour infusion of levodopa\/carbidopa intestinal gel for nocturnal akinesia in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 31:597\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26564","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-150747","volume":"6","author":"I Rieu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rieu I, Houeto JL, Pereira B et al (2016) Impact of mood and behavioral disorders on quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Park\u2019s Dis 6:267\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-150747","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-212813","volume":"11","author":"M Rosebraugh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosebraugh M, Liu W, Neenan M, Facheris MF (2021) Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa is well tolerated and maintains stable levodopa and carbidopa exposure following subcutaneous infusion. J Park\u2019s Dis 11:1695\u20131702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-212813","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.03.012","volume":"97","author":"M Rosebraugh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosebraugh M, Stodtmann S, Liu W, Facheris MF (2022) Foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa subcutaneous infusion maintains equivalent levodopa exposure to levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel delivered to the jejunum. Parkinsonism Relat D 97:68\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.03.012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat D"},{"key":"2911_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000008142","volume":"43","author":"P Rossi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rossi P, Colosimo C, Moro E et al (2000) Acute challenge with apomorphine and levodopa in parkinsonism. Eur Neurol 43:95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000008142","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16535","volume":"32","author":"D Santos-Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santos-Garc\u00eda D, L\u00f3pez-Manzanares L, Muro I et al (2025) Effectiveness and safety of levodopa\u2013entacapone\u2013carbidopa infusion in Parkinson disease: A real-world data study. Eur J Neurol 32:e16535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16535","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-024-02773-3","volume":"131","author":"N Schr\u00f6ter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6ter N, Sajonz BEA, Jost WH et al (2024) Advanced therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an individualized approach to their indication. J Neural Transm 131:1285\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-024-02773-3","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2911_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27602","volume":"34","author":"K Seppi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seppi K, Chaudhuri KR, Coelho M et al (2019) Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014an evidence-based medicine review. Mov Disord 34:180\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27602","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00400-8","volume":"21","author":"MJ Soileau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soileau MJ, Aldred J, Budur K et al (2022) Safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa-foscarbidopa in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 21:1099\u20131109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00400-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2911_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12762","volume":"59","author":"F Spada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spada F, Barnes TM, Greive KA (2018) Comparative safety and efficacy of topical mometasone furoate with other topical corticosteroids. Australas J Dermatol 59:e168\u2013e174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajd.12762","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"2911_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13239","volume":"8","author":"DG Standaert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Standaert DG, Aldred J, Anca-Herschkovitsch M et al (2021) DUOGLOBE: one-year outcomes in a real-world study of levodopa carbidopa intestinal gel for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 8:1061\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.13239","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2911_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.027","volume":"20","author":"F Stocchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stocchi F, Antonini A, Barone P et al (2014) Early DEtection of wEaring off in Parkinson disease: The DEEP study. Park Relat Disord 20:204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.027","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e318285c0ed","volume":"80","author":"A Storch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Storch A, Schneider CB, Wolz M et al (2013) Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson disease. Neurology 80:800\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0b013e318285c0ed","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/s1353-8020(02)00122-0","volume":"9","author":"H Takubo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takubo H, Harada T, Hashimoto T et al (2003) A collaborative study on the malignant syndrome in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related disorders. Park Relat Disord 9:31\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1353-8020(02)00122-0","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20689","volume":"20","author":"A Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas A, Onofrj M (2005) Akinetic crisis, acute akinesia, neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome, Parkinsonism\u2013hyperpyrexia syndrome, and malignant syndrome are the same entity and are often independent of treatment withdrawal. Mov Disord 20:1671\u20131671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20689","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12303","volume":"3","author":"J Timpka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timpka J, Henriksen T, Odin P (2016) Non-oral continuous drug delivery techniques in Parkinson\u2019s disease: for whom, when, and how? Mov Disord Clin Pract 3:221\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12303","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2911_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.08.012","volume":"19","author":"A Todorova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Todorova A, Chaudhuri KR (2013) Subcutaneous apomorphine and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park Relat Disord 19:1073\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.08.012","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-223362","volume":"12","author":"J-Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J-Y, Huang J-F, Zhu S-G et al (2022) Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome and dyskinesia-hyperpyrexia syndrome in Parkinson\u2019s disease: two cases and literature review. J Park\u2019s Dis 12:1727\u20131735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-223362","journal-title":"J Park\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2911_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.6.0956","volume":"103","author":"F Weaver","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weaver F, Follett K, Hur K et al (2005) Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease: a metaanalysis of patient outcomes. J Neurosurg 103:956\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2005.103.6.0956","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2911_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e31825dcdc1","volume":"79","author":"FM Weaver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M et al (2012) Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology 79:55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0b013e31825dcdc1","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30121","author":"D Weise","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weise D, Haferkamp S (2025) Neutrophil-rich infusion site reactions after continuous subcutaneous application of Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa. Mov Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30121","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.01.003","volume":"17","author":"Y Winter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winter Y, von Campenhausen S, Arend M et al (2011) Health-related quality of life and its determinants in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Results of an Italian cohort study. Park Relat Disord 17:265\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.01.003","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"2911_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.59.3.408","volume":"59","author":"T Witjas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Witjas T, Kaphan E, Azulay JP et al (2002) Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 59:408\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.59.3.408","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2911_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943472","volume":"16","author":"H Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie H, Zhang Q, Jiang Y et al (2022) Parkinson\u2019s disease with mild cognitive impairment may has a lower risk of cognitive decline after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: A retrospective cohort study. Front Hum Neurosci 16:943472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943472","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2911_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30069","author":"N Yoshihara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoshihara N, Nishikawa N, Watanabe R, Hattori N (2024) Skin inflammatory reactions in patients with continuous subcutaneous injection of Foslevodopa-Foscarbidopa hydrate: histopathology. Mov Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30069","journal-title":"Mov Disord"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02911-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02911-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02911-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:20:02Z","timestamp":1769692802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02911-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-02911-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"T.K. serves as the vice president of the German DBS Society. E.B. has no interests to declare. J.K is Specialty Chief Editor for Frontiers in Neurology (section Applied Neuroimaging) and Associate Editor (Neurology) for Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}