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One potential underlying mechanism is that antiviral immunological responses could trigger cross-reactivity between viral and neural antigens, which would raise the co-occurrence of antiviral antibodies and anti-neural autoantibodies. We studied 619 patients\u2019 psychiatric diagnoses from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Germany. Anti-neural autoantibodies and antiviral antibody specific indices were measured in serum and\/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from all patients. Among these 619 patients, 115 tested positive for serum and\/or CSF neural autoantibodies (18.6%), with the most often identified autoantibodies being anti-GAD65 in serum (2.2%) and CSF (1.6%), and anti-NMDA in serum (0.6%) and CSF (1.3%). The three main diagnostic groups presenting neural autoantibodies were patients with organic psychiatric disorders including dementia (81 of 377; 21.7%), those with psychotic disorders (9 of 66; 13.6%), and patients with affective disorders (19 of 138; 13.9%). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between the varicella zoster virus (VZV) antibody-specific index and autoantibody positivity in patients with all diagnoses (F00\u2013F79) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.005). Furthermore, the rubella antibody-specific index proved to be significantly associated with neural autoantibody positivity (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) across all patients (F00\u2013F79), and in those with affective disorders (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Our results show that VZV and rubella antiviral antibodies are associated with a higher propensity to develop anti-neural autoantibodies, suggesting that the known association between viral infection and later developing psychiatric disorders may be partly attributable to the development of anti-neural autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02943-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T11:58:50Z","timestamp":1747483130000},"page":"1063-1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neural autoantibodies in psychiatric disorders are associated with antibodies against viral pathogens: a retrospective study of 619 patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Buschatzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Katharina","family":"Bastin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Rentzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Teegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Luedecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Skripuletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah Benedictine","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gallinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Esselmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ildiko Rita","family":"Dunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Zerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Fitzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Wilftang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Neyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn Hendrik","family":"Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berend","family":"Malchow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CAP (Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Psychiatry) consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2943_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.013","volume":"221","author":"BJS Al-Haddad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Haddad BJS, Oler E, Armistead B, Elsayed NA, Weinberger DR, Bernier et al (2019) The fetal origins of mental illness. 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