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We investigated the crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) of PD based upon registry data of Israel\u2019s largest health maintenance organization between 2002 and 2021 according to joinpoint regression. We applied an age-period analysis to further identify patterns of AAIR changes, and calculated longitudinal age curves of PD rates (\u201clocal drift\u201d) as well as annual change of the expected age-specific and expected age-adjusted AAIR (\u201cnet drift\u201d). The overall AAIR of PD declined from 57\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0 to 20.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 per 100,000 over 20 years, representing a 2.8-fold decrease. The PD incidence decreased more rapidly among females (average annual percent changes [AAPC] \u2212\u20095.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u2212\u20096.0\u20134.6,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than among males (AAPC \u2212\u20094.5, 95%CI \u2212\u20095.3\u20133.7,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). AAIRs peaked at 209.9 (CI: 193.0\u2013228.5) per 100,000 at a median age of 77.5 vs. 374.9 (CI: 350.9\u2013400.5) years in females and at a median age of 82.5 years in males. AAIRs gradually declined in males to 63.3 (CI: 52.2\u201384.1) per 100,000 and in females to 29.7 (CI: 21.4\u201341.1) per 100,000 for the 97.5-year-old group in both sexes. This first assessment of the trends of the incidence of PD in Israel documented its progressive decline from 2002 to 2021, especially among the very elderly. This decline may reflect refined diagnostic capabilities and enhanced health, quality of life and environmental conditions in Israel.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02984-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T04:51:23Z","timestamp":1753159883000},"page":"119-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Declining incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Israel (2002\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2741-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacov","family":"Balash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Zohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronit","family":"Gilad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"Eilam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos D.","family":"Korczyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13999","volume":"30","author":"MW Agoriwo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agoriwo MW, Joseph C, Franz\u00e9n E, Unger M (2024) Assessing the factors that influence the utilization and delivery of rehabilitation services among persons with parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review. 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