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In children and adolescents, however, knowledge on TRRs of psychotropic drugs is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine serum concentrations in children and adolescents to provide guidance for the definition of therapeutic reference ranges in this age group. Within the routine therapeutic drug monitoring service of a German child and adolescent psychiatric university hospital, serum concentrations of citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine or risperidone in children and adolescents were collected between 1999 und 2022 and retrospectively analyzed. The 25th to 75th interquartile ranges (IQRs) were calculated and compared with the TRRs defined for adults. In total, 618 serum level concentrations were examined. The IQRs found for fluvoxamine (75\u2013203 ng\/ml), sertraline (25\u201354 ng\/ml), olanzapine (13\u201357 ng\/ml), and aripiprazole (93\u2013245 ng\/ml) were similar to published therapeutic ranges for adults. Citalopram (18\u201351 ng\/ml), clozapine (180\u2013419 ng\/ml), risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone (11\u201335 ng\/ml), aripiprazole plus dehydroaripiprazole (118\u2013313 ng\/ml) and quetiapine (34\u2013234 ng\/ml) exhibit somewhat lower ranges in children and adolescents when compared to adults. The IQR found for fluoxetin (102\u2013263 ng\/ml) could not be compared with that of adults due to methodological differences. Our results contribute to the knowledge of serum concentrations of SSRIs and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents. The differences found in some substances compared to adults clearly indicate that age- and substance-specific therapeutic ranges need to be defined for children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-03021-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T08:24:55Z","timestamp":1759998295000},"page":"1583-1592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum concentrations of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents: data from routine clinical care"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xenia M.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin M.","family":"Egberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Willi","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Fleischhaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3021_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-109695","volume":"50","author":"L Albantakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Albantakis L, Egberts K, Burger R, Kulpok C, Mehler-Wex C, Taurines R, Unterecker S, Wewetzer C, Romanos M, Gerlach M (2017) Relationship between daily dose, serum concentration, and clinical response to quetiapine in children and adolescents with psychotic and mood disorders. 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