{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:15:10Z","timestamp":1791868510924,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015235","name":"Supernus Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Supernus Pharmaceuticals"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Supernus Pharmaceuticals"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neural Transm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-03042-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:23:57Z","timestamp":1760541837000},"page":"1751-1760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Apomorphine differentially engages the cAMP and \u03b2-arrestin signaling pathways relative to dopamine at human dopamine receptors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Brittney","family":"Yegla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7881-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mindy","family":"Grall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Formella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0327-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Jenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"3042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0837-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"C Alcacer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alcacer C, Santini E, Valjent E, Gaven F, Girault J-A, Herv\u00e9 D (2012) G\u03b1 <\u2009sub\u2009>\u2009olf\u2009Mutation allows parsing the role of cAMP-Dependent and extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Dependent signaling in <\u2009span class=sc>l-\u20093,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine-Induced dyskinesia. J Neurosci 32(17):5900\u20135910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0837-12.2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3042_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002642","volume":"63","author":"JM Beaulieu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR (2011) The physiology, signaling, and Pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 63(1):182\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.110.002642","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"3042_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beaulieu J-M, Sotnikova TD, Yao W-D, Kockeritz L, Woodgett JR, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2004) Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT\/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (14):5099\u20135104. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0307921101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307921101"},{"issue":"2","key":"3042_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.012","volume":"122","author":"J-M Beaulieu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beaulieu J-M, Sotnikova TD, Marion S, Lefkowitz RJ, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2005) An Akt\/\u03b2-Arrestin 2\/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. Cell 122(2):261\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3042_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beaulieu JM, Borrelli E, Carlsson A, Caron MG, Civelli O, Espinoza S, Fisone G, Gainetdinov RR, Grandy DK, Kebabian JW, Langer SZ, Missale MC, Neve KA, Scatton B, Schwartz JC, Sedvall G, Seeman P, Sibley DR, Sokoloff P, Spano PF, Van Tol HHM (2023) Dopamine receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1. In: UPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2218\/gtopdb\/F20\/2023.1","DOI":"10.2218\/gtopdb\/F20\/2023.1"},{"key":"3042_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.013","volume":"23","author":"RW Borgemeester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borgemeester RW, Drent M, van Laar T (2016a) Motor and non-motor outcomes of continuous apomorphine infusion in 125 parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 23:17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"3042_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.04.023","volume":"27","author":"RWK Borgemeester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borgemeester RWK, Lees AJ, van Laar T (2016b) Parkinson\u2019s disease, visual hallucinations and apomorphine: A review of the available evidence. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 27:35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.04.023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3042_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.220293","volume":"352","author":"TF Brust","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brust TF, Hayes MP, Roman DL, Burris KD, Watts VJ (2015) Bias analyses of preclinical and clinical D2 dopamine ligands: studies with immediate and complex signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 352(3):480\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.114.220293","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"3042_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9158-7_1","volume":"1957","author":"MG Caron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caron MG, Barak LS (2019) A brief history of the \u03b2-Arrestins. Methods Mol Biol 1957:3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-9158-7_1","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3042_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00020","volume":"6","author":"JL Conroy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conroy JL, Free RB, Sibley DR (2015) Identification of G protein-biased agonists that fail to recruit \u03b2-arrestin or promote internalization of the D1 dopamine receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 6(4):681\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"3042_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00058","volume":"5","author":"T Del\u2019guidice","year":"2011","unstructured":"Del\u2019guidice T, Lemasson M, Beaulieu JM (2011) Role of Beta-arrestin 2 downstream of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia. Front Neuroanat 5:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2011.00058","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"3042_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70240","author":"C Desjardins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Desjardins C, Bastos PAD, Lanore A, Brefel-Courbon C, Benatru I, Giordana C, de Maindreville AD, Castelnovo G, Remy P, Defebvre L, Thiriez C, Prange S, Houeto JL, Foubert AS, Ory-Magne F, Barbosa RP, Bertille N, Corvol JC, Rascol O, Fabbri M (2025) Subcutaneous apomorphine infusion initiation is associated with impulse control disorder Attenuation in advanced parkinson\u2019s disease patients: insights from the French NS-Park cohort. Mov Disord Clin Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70240","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"3042_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0212-4","volume":"25","author":"P Donthamsetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Donthamsetti P, Gallo EF, Buck DC, Stahl EL, Zhu Y, Lane JR, Bohn LM, Neve KA, Kellendonk C, Javitch JA (2020) Arrestin recruitment to dopamine D2 receptor mediates locomotion but not incentive motivation. Mol Psychiatry 25(9):2086\u20132100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0212-4","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3042_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108392","volume":"245","author":"M Ferraiolo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferraiolo M, Hermans E (2023) The complex molecular Pharmacology of the dopamine D(2) receptor: implications for pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine. Pharmacol Ther 245:108392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108392","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3042_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014678","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1014678","volume":"13","author":"S Ferr\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S, Belcher AM, Bonaventura J, Quiroz C, S\u00e1nchez-Soto M, Casad\u00f3-Anguera V, Cai NS, Moreno E, Boateng CA, Keck TM, Flor\u00e1n B, Earley CJ, Ciruela F, Casad\u00f3 V, Rubinstein M, Volkow ND (2022) Functional and Pharmacological role of the dopamine D(4) receptor and its polymorphic variants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:1014678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1014678","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5378","key":"3042_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5378.838","volume":"281","author":"AA Fienberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fienberg AA, Hiroi N, Mermelstein PG, Song W, Snyder GL, Nishi A, Cheramy A, O\u2019Callaghan JP, Miller DB, Cole DG, Corbett R, Haile CN, Cooper DC, Onn SP, Grace AA, Ouimet CC, White FJ, Hyman SE, Surmeier DJ, Girault J, Nestler EJ, Greengard P (1998) DARPP-32: regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Science 281(5378):838\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.281.5378.838","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3042_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02776-7","volume":"9","author":"DL Gray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gray DL, Allen JA, Mente S, O\u2019Connor RE, DeMarco GJ, Efremov I, Tierney P, Volfson D, Davoren J, Guilmette E, Salafia M, Kozak R, Ehlers MD (2018) Impaired \u03b2-arrestin recruitment and reduced desensitization by non-catechol agonists of the D1 dopamine receptor. Nat Commun 9(1):674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-02776-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"3042_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.21-12-04390.2001","volume":"21","author":"D Herv\u00e9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 D, Le Moine C, Corvol JC, Belluscio L, Ledent C, Fienberg AA, Jaber M, Studler JM, Girault JA (2001) Galpha(olf) levels are regulated by receptor usage and control dopamine and adenosine action in the striatum. J Neurosci 21(12):4390\u20134399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.21-12-04390.2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3042_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2024.06.008","volume":"181","author":"JF Houvenaghel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Houvenaghel JF, Meyer M, Schmitt E, Arifi A, Benchetrit E, Bichon A, Cau C, Lavigne L, Le Mercier E, Czernecki V, Dujardin K (2025) Influence of continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion on cognition and behavior in parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review. Rev Neurol (Paris) 181(3):156\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2024.06.008","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3042_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003","volume":"33","author":"P Jenner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jenner P, Katzenschlager R (2016) Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 33(Suppl 1):S13\u2013S21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4016","key":"3042_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.174.4016.1346","volume":"174","author":"JW Kebabian","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kebabian JW, Greengard P (1971) Dopamine-Sensitive adenyl cyclase: possible role in synaptic transmission. Science 174(4016):1346\u20131349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.174.4016.1346","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"3042_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00231","volume":"62","author":"TM Keck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keck TM, Free RB, Day MM, Brown SL, Maddaluna MS, Fountain G, Cooper C, Fallon B, Holmes M, Stang CT, Burkhardt R, Bonifazi A, Ellenberger MP, Newman AH, Sibley DR, Wu C, Boateng CA (2019) Dopamine D4 Receptor-Selective compounds reveal Structure\u2013Activity relationships that engender agonist efficacy. J Med Chem 62(7):3722\u20133740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00231","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"3042_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.03.015","volume":"54","author":"IV Klewe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klewe IV, Nielsen SM, Tarp\u00f8 L, Urizar E, Dipace C, Javitch JA, Gether U, Egebjerg J, Christensen KV (2008) Recruitment of beta-arrestin2 to the dopamine D2 receptor: insights into anti-psychotic and anti-parkinsonian drug receptor signaling. Neuropharmacology 54(8):1215\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.03.015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3042_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87417-2","volume":"11","author":"A Mann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mann A, Keen AC, Mark H, Dasgupta P, Javitch JA, Canals M, Schulz S, Robert Lane J (2021) New phosphosite-specific antibodies to unravel the role of GRK phosphorylation in dopamine D(2) receptor regulation and signaling. Sci Rep 11(1):8288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87417-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3042_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.039867","volume":"303","author":"MJ Millan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A (2002) Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303(2):791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.102.039867","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3042_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189","volume":"78","author":"C Missale","year":"1998","unstructured":"Missale C, Nash SR, Robinson SW, Jaber M, Caron MG (1998) Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 78(1):189\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3042_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14177","volume":"50","author":"TC Napier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Napier TC, Persons AL (2019) Pharmacological insights into impulsive-compulsive spectrum disorders associated with dopaminergic therapy. Eur J Neurosci 50(3):2492\u20132502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.14177","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3042_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.039883","volume":"303","author":"A Newman-Tancredi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Quentric Y, Touzard M, Verri\u00e8le L, Carpentier N, Millan MJ (2002) Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. III. Agonist and antagonist properties at serotonin, 5-HT(1) and 5-HT(2), receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303(2):815\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.102.039883","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3042_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.9b00575","volume":"11","author":"H Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park H, Urs AN, Zimmerman J, Liu C, Wang Q, Urs NM (2020) Structure-Functional-Selectivity relationship studies of novel apomorphine analogs to develop D1R\/D2R biased ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 11(3):385\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.9b00575","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"3042_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050861","volume":"142","author":"RK Pearce","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pearce RK, Jackson M, Britton DR, Shiosaki K, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1999) Actions of the D1 agonists A-77636 and A-86929 on locomotion and dyskinesia in MPTP-treated L-dopa-primed common marmosets. Psychopharmacology 142(1):51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002130050861","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3042_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Day GS, Smith DB, Rae-Grant A, Licking N, Armstrong MJ, de Bie RMA, Roze E, Miyasaki JM, Hauser RA, Espay AJ, Martello JP, Gurwell JA, Billinghurst L, Sullivan K, Fitts MS, Cothros N, Hall DA, Rafferty M, Hagerbrant L, Hastings T, O\u2019Brien MD, Silsbee H, Gronseth G, Lang AE, Guideline subcommittee of the AAN (2021) dopaminergic therapy for motor symptoms in early Parkinson disease practice guideline summary: A report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology 97 (20):942\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012868","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012868"},{"key":"3042_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosa-Grilo M, Qamar MA, Evans A, Chaudhuri KR (2016) The efficacy of apomorphine - A non-motor perspective. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 33 Suppl 1S28\u2013s35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.11.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.11.020"},{"issue":"5","key":"3042_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.254","volume":"43","author":"SJ Rose","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rose SJ, Pack TF, Peterson SM, Payne K, Borrelli E, Caron MG (2018) Engineered D2R variants reveal the balanced and biased contributions of G-Protein and \u03b2-Arrestin to Dopamine-Dependent functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 43(5):1164\u20131173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2017.254","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3042_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00270","author":"K Sahlholm","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahlholm K, Svensson P, Malo M, Andersson DR, Betari N (2025) Estimation of dopamine D(1) receptor agonist binding kinetics using Time-Resolved functional assays: relation to agonist-Induced receptor internalization by investigational antiparkinsonian therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00270","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"3042_CR35","first-page":"251","volume":"56","author":"RS Schwab","year":"1951","unstructured":"Schwab RS, Amador LV, Lettvin JY (1951) Apomorphine in parkinson\u2019s disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 56:251\u2013253","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"3042_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seeman P (2015) Parkinson\u2019s Disease Treatment may cause Impulse-Control Disorder via Dopamine D3 Receptors. Synapse 69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/syn.21805","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21805"},{"issue":"2","key":"3042_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200009","volume":"109","author":"LA Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith LA, Jackson MJ, Al-Barghouthy G, Jenner P (2002) The actions of a D-1 agonist in MPTP treated primates show dependence on both D-1 and D-2 receptor function and tolerance on repeated administration. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 109(2):123\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007020200009","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"3042_CR371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith JS, Lefkowitz RJ, Rajagopal S (2018)Biased signalling: from simple switches to allosteric microprocessors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17(4):243\u2212260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd.2017.229","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.229"},{"issue":"6319","key":"3042_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/350614a0","volume":"350","author":"RK Sunahara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sunahara RK, Guan HC, O\u2019Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature 350(6319):614\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/350614a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"3042_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502740112","volume":"112","author":"NM Urs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Urs NM, Bido S, Peterson SM, Daigle TL, Bass CE, Gainetdinov RR, Bezard E, Caron MG (2015) Targeting \u03b2-arrestin2 in the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(19):E2517\u20132526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1502740112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"3042_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.05.006","volume":"16","author":"T van Laar","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Laar T, Postma AG, Drent M (2010) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine can be used safely in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease and pre-existing visual hallucinations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16(1):71\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.05.006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3042_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12988","volume":"172","author":"M Wood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wood M, Dubois V, Scheller D, Gillard M (2015) Rotigotine is a potent agonist at dopamine D1 receptors as well as at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 172(4):1124\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.12988","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3042_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0049-3","volume":"19","author":"D Wootten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wootten D, Christopoulos A, Marti-Solano M, Babu MM, Sexton PM (2018) Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19(10):638\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-018-0049-3","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Transmission"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-025-03042-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00702-025-03042-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00702-025-03042-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T14:44:20Z","timestamp":1763563460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00702-025-03042-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-025-03042-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9564","1435-1463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9564","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-1463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Graphical abstract has been updated","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Brittney Yegla, Jonathan Rubin, Mindy Grall, and Andrea Formella are employed by Supernus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Peter Jenner reports honoraria for consultancy and advisory boards from AbbVie, Bial, Britannia Pharmaceuticals, Cerevel, Kyowa Kirin, Supernus, and Zambon.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}